"OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE EAST ASIAN MARGINAL SEAS"

PLENARY PRESENTATIONS

01 A BELT OF SALT WATER ALONG 42N.
Danchenkov M.A.¹, Aubrey D.G.²
¹-Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute, RUSSIA
²-Woods Hole Group, USA

On data of 5 expeditions (1995-1999) in area to the south of Vladivostok the earlier unknown current (water belt) was opened up. It transports salty waters from Hokkaido (Danchenkov, Aubrey, 1999) to Peter the Great Bay. Example (Winter 1999, 50m) of water salinity and temperature distribution inside the belt is presented on - Fig.

Water temperature and salinity at 50 m level in winter of 1999.

Width of belt of salt water is 20-60 miles, extension - 400 miles, depth- 200-800 meters.
Together with it south-eastward current exists along earlier (Danchenkov et al., 1997) founded North-western thermal front.
The existence of warm water distribution explains the absence of cold subsurface layer in a northwest part of the Japan Sea and also allows to explain the formation of deep water of the Japan Sea by the cooling (from 15C up to 0.4C) of subtropical water.

02 DEEP FLOW FIELD IN THE JAPAN SEA DEDUCED FROM DIRECT CURRENT MEASUREMENTS.
Senjyu T., Nagano Z., Yoon J.H.
Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, JAPAN

Deep flow field in the Japan Sea was investigated on the basis of direct current measurements obtained by not only CREAMS cruises but also by some Japanese organizations. Relatively strong currents parallel to the isobath seeing the shallow region on its right-hand side are seen on the bottom slopes of basin periphery and the Yamato Rise. On the other hand, flows in the interior region of basins are variable, and thus the mean flows are weak. Deep flow field in the whole Japan Sea area was deduced using a variational method constrained by mass and vorticity conservations. The deduced flow field shows a cyclonic circulation in the Japan, Yamato and Ulleung Basins.

03 THE FUTURE OF THE EAST SEA?: A CHEMIST'S POINT OF VIEW.
Kim K.R., Kang D.J., Kim K.
Seoul National University, REPUBLIC OF KOREA

Recently, two papers concerning the future of the chemistry in the East Sea appeared in respective journals with rather provocative titles such as "An anoxic Sea of Japan by the year 2200?" by Chen et al., (Mar. Chem., 67: 249) and Gamo (Geophys. Res. Lett., 26: 3137). However, it is an interesting question whether we can really predict the future of the East Sea with the current knowledge or not.
CREAMS studies in 1990's have provided a firm basis to reevaluate the current status of the East Sea, in a sense for the first time since Uda's earlier investigation in 1930's. Two major conclusions obtained from the studies can be summarized as follows:
1) The oceanic structures in the East Sea very much resemble those of the open oceans,
2) East Sea has been in change since 1950's, clearly reflected in profiles of chemical tracers such as dissolved oxygen.
Unfortunately, but very excitingly, the East Sea appears to reveal her changes in such direction that anything about her future after 20 or 30 years from now can not be predicted. The reasons will be further discussed at the meeting.

04 DEEP CIRCULATION, BOUNDARY CURRENTS, AND CONVECTION OBSERVED IN THE JAPAN/EAST SEA.
Riser S.C.¹, Danchenkov M.A.^2

1- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, USA
²- Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute, RUSSIA

Measurments of currents at 800 m and profiles of temperature and salinity between the sea surface and 800 m from an array of more than 30 PALACE floats in the northern portion of the Japan/East Sea (JES) show generally strong boundary currents along the western portion of the JES, with weaker flows in the interior of the basin and along the eastern boundary. In winter, the water column along the western boundary, especially in the vicinity of Peter the Great Bay, becomes nearly well-mixed in density between the sea surface and 800 m, suggesting the occurrence of deep convection in this region. Just to the south of this region, the subpolar front is very strong, with the position of the front perhaps determined by the strength of the convective overturning. The highest densities observed at the sea surface occur along the western boundary of the basin, with fresher and less dense water in the northernmost regions of the JES. The float profiles allow the evolution of the hydrographic properties of the JES to be observed in generally more detail than has previously been possible.

05 HYDROGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS IN THE JAPAN/EAST SEA WITH EMPHASIS ON WINTER, 2000.
Talley L.D.¹, Luchin V.A.², Lobanov V.B.^3

1 -Scripps Institute of Oceanography, USA
² -Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute, RUSSIA
³ -Pacific Oceanological Institute , RUSSIA

Summer and winter hydrographic surveys of the Japan/East Sea were carried out on the R/V Revelle and Professor Khromov. The summer cruises covered most of the region, while the winter survey was designed to sample the anticipated regions of water mass transformation. A principal goal of the winter survey was to observe the maximum density and depth of winter ventilation. Two separate processes were hypothesized: open ocean convection and brine rejection through sea ice formation. Historical hydrographic data suggests that ventilation reaching the bottom (>3500 m) has not occurred since at least the 1930s. However, there is ample tracer evidence of ventilation to intermediate depth. Intermediate depth convection, as far as we know, had not been reported and possibly not observed.
The winter-time atmospheric pattern that is most important for convection is the cold air outbreaks in which cold Siberian air funnels past Vladivostok out across Peter the Great Bay and then southward out into the JES. Winter 99-00 was probably a season of especially strong cold air outbreaks. (A comparison with other years is underway.)
Sea ice forms in Tatar Strait, down along the Russian coastline, and in Peter the Great Bay (at Vladivostok). The sea ice extent in late February, 2000 at the start of the cruise was available from the National Ice Center (NOAA) website. The winter of 1999-2000 was a year for especially heavy ice, compared with the preceding three years, and anecdotally. A comparison with the historical record is underway. Since the ocean circulation is cyclonic north of the subpolar front, with the Liman current flowing southward along the Russian coast, it was expected to find outflow from the ice formation heading westward along the coast. In the previous winter (April, 1999) a Russian cruise on the Gordienko (Lobanov, chief scientist) observed dense water in pockets on the shelf in Peter the Great Bay and down along the slope, suggesting flow down canyons on the shelf, turning westward.
1. Winter conditions prior to the Khromov winter survey
Just prior to the winter, 2000 survey, we assessed the most likely locations for convection. Vertical temperature and salinity profiles from the profiling floats were accessed from Steve Riser's webpage. Satellite AVHRR images were accessed from three sources: the Pacific Oceanological Institute in Vladivostok (Lobanov), Bob Arnone's webpage, and KORDI.
The floats profile to 800 meters depth. Two floats of the total of about 38 showed nearly uniform properties to 800 m in February in the region just north of the subpolar front, east of a large warm eddy and south of Vladivostok. Two floats in Tatar Strait (northern JES) also showed relatively mixed water in February, but did not show layers deeper than about 300 m.
SST images from the JES in February, 2000, showed a large, warm, anticyclonic eddy centered at about 41N, 131E, with a diameter of about 100 km. The profiling floats showing well-mixed water were just east of this eddy. Surface temperatures in this region were cold, and contiguous with cold waters to the north. By the time of the hydrographic survey, the warm portion of the eddy had spread eastward, with an eastern edge around 132E. This eddy is a common feature of this region.
Sea ice just at the start of the cruise was at its maximum extent for the winter, and was at a somewhat greater extent than in the previous several years. A sudden warming occurred at the beginning of March, and by the next week, when the Khromov entered the ice-covered areas, most of the ice had melted; none was encountered.
2. Winter cruise and evidence of ventilation
The Khromov sailed from Pusan, Korea on February 28, 2000, for a three day shakedown cruise of 10 stations in the Ulleung Basin, after which the American and Korean participants disembarked in Pusan. The Khromov then completed a 13-day survey of the central and northern JES, with 71 stations. At each station, the CTD/transmissometer/24-bottle rosette package was deployed. An altimeter on the rosette frame allowed each station to be occupied to within 10 meters of the ocean bottom. Two separate rosettes were used on the cruise - a large package (24 10-liter bottles and CTD) deployed from the fantail, and a small package (24 1.7-liter bottles and CTD) deployed from the port side. The smaller package was used during rough weather (stations 31-48).
The weather was calm during the shakedown cruise. During the main cruise, very rough weather was encountered several times. Air temperatures dropped well below freezing, causing difficulties with rosette sampling at several stations, particularly since it was necessary to use the rosette with the small volume bottles at these stations.
Evidence of winter ventilation was obtained at three sites:

intermediate depth (~1000 m) convection east of the warm eddy, at the location of the most well-mixed profiles observed by the floats in February and southernmost penetration of cold SST,
mixing to 360 m in the northern Japan Sea,
shelf water on the continental slope just south of Peter the Great Bay.

These are discussed sequentially in the next paragraphs.
(1) Intermediate depth open ocean convection was evident in oxygen, temperature and salinity profiles at four stations south of Vladivostok, near 41N, 132E (stations 18, 19 and 23). Station 23 (41º00'N, 132º20'E) showed the deepest penetration of oxygen saturation greater than 80% suggesting that convection had reached to about 1040 dbar. A vertical section of oxygen along 131E, with a deviation through station 23, also shows the depth of this high oxygen layer. Despite the location of several stations in the region that was being sampled by the profiling floats 230 and 262, only this station showed penetration of high oxygen to greater than 800 m. The temperature and salinity structure at station 23 includes two separate layers that could have been well-mixed. Oxygen saturation at station 23 (and also adjoining stations 20 and 21) is quite low at the sea surface, at about 90%, and then relatively homogeneous below dropping to 80% only below 1100 m. The low surface saturations could be a signature of vigorous vertical mixing. The only other station in the survey with low surface oxygen was station 34, in the open sea south of Vladivostok.
The history of the profiling floats, the relatively low surface oxygen saturation, the depth of penetration of surface oxygen values, and the relative homogeneity of properties in two thick layers at station 23 suggest that convection occurred to about 1100 m depth in February in this region. The disappearance of coldest SST in this region at the end of February, and the lack of observation of truly homogeneous temperature/salinity, suggests that collapse of the homogeneous layer in the absence of continued forcing was very rapid, on the order of less than one or two weeks.
The implied maximum density of surface convection at station 23 is 27.329 sigma theta, 32.034 sigma 1, although the data are not yet well calibrated.
(2) In the northern Japan Sea, just east of the Liman Current and winter ice edge, a well-mixed surface layer of 360 m thickness was found (station 61 at 42º58'N, 135º39'E), with oxygen saturation greater than 90%. This station was near the location of profiling floats that showed relatively uniform surface layers of about this depth in February. No other stations had mixed layers (in temperature) this deep although many stations in the region showed 200 m thick mixed layers.
Based on oxygen saturation, there is an axis of winter mixed layers of 250 to perhaps 400 meters thick just offshore of the 3000 meter isobath. Station 61 fits within this group, as does station 34 and 33, both of which showed relatively deep high oxygen layers. These depths differ considerably from the apparent deep overturn to 1100 m described in (1).
(3) High oxygen saturation is found on the bottom at two stations on the continental slope just south of Peter the Great Bay. The station depths were 600 and 1400 meters. The high oxygen subsurface layers were about 200-300 meters thick. These layers likely originate from the shelf based on similar observations in April, 1999. The oxygen layer at the deeper station is not highly saturated and in fact fits well with the curve of higher saturations from the intermediate convection stations. This leaves open the possibility that this ventilated water originates from offshore convection and that the vertical profile is a composite of older and newly-ventilated waters, with the newest water found at the bottom.

06 HYDROGRAPHIC STRUCTURE OF MESOSCALE EDDIES OF THE JAPAN BASIN.
Lobanov V.B.¹, Ponomarev V.I.¹, Tishchenko P. Ya.¹, Talley L.D.², Shcherbina A.², Nedashkovskiy A.P.¹, Sagalaev S.G.¹, Volkov Yu.N.^3

1-Pacific Oceanological Institute, RUSSIA
²-Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Universuty of California, USA
³-Far Eastern Hydrometeorological Research Institute, RUSSIA

Three anticyclonic eddies located in the north-western part of the Japan Sea to the north of subpolar front were sampled in detailes during oceanographic cruises by R/V Pavel Gordienko and Professor Khromov in April and August of 1999. Distribution of hydrographic and hydrochemical parameters as well as results of current measurements taken with LADCP in the eddies are discussed. The eddies have diameters from 40 to 90 km in upper layer. Their evolution were traced by satellite infrared images during the whole year which allowed to identified the eddies and make hydrographic sections crossing their centers. By the differences of water properties inside and outside the eddies some of them were traced down to the bottom layer (3000-3500 m) having relatively warm fresh and oxygen rich core in the upper layer (0-300 m). A secondary core of comparatively vertically homogeneous and high oxygen layer between 500 and 900 m was also found in the eddies. By the August survey a displacement of two eddies was not significant and does not exceed 20 miles. The third eddy was lost because of not sufficient satellite data in July. In summer period the upper homogeneous core was covered with relatively warm water above seasonal thermocline. No significant changes in the eddy water mass characteristics below 150 m were found between two surveys. Relatively high current velocities were observed in the eddies down to the deep layer. It is suggested that the eddies play important role in vertical water exchange down the bottom layer. They also transport relatively fresh water into the upper portion of the Japan Sea Proper water.

07 OBSERVATION OF SUBSURFACE CURRENTS AND CIRCULATION IN THE ULLEUNG BASIN IN THE EAST/JAPAN SEA.
Suk M.S.¹, Chang K.I.¹, Hogg N.¹, Byun S.K.¹, Kim K.^2

1-Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute, REPUBLIC OF KOREA
²-Seoul National University, REPUBLIC OF KOREA

We describe preliminary results of an ongoing research activity in the East/Japan Sea, which aims mainly to understand, quantitatively, the subsurface circulation and its variability in the Ulleung Basin.
Moored current measurements have been conducted in the western (EC4), central (EC3), southern (EC2), and northeastern (EC1) part of the Ulleung Basin since 1996. Mean currents below 300 m depth based on the moored current measurements for periods longer than 4 months are southward at EC4, northwestward at EC2, and southwestward at EC1 with mean speeds ranging from 1.0 cm/s to 6.0 cm/s. Mean currents tend to increase towards the seabed at EC1. Mean kinetic energy (MKE) was larger than eddy kinetic energy (EKE) at EC4 off the eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula during May~ October 1999. Except for this, the EKE is two to twenty times larger than the MKE at all sites, indicating the high variability of subsurface currents. Monthly-scale fluctuation of currents, which is principally barotropic, is noticeable, although site-to-site correlation is not clear.
Four satellite-tracked subsurface floats (PALACE), two at 700 m depth and two at 1200 m depth, have been deployed in the Ulleung Basin since 1998. Three PALACEs are still alive, while one was dead after the deployment. Trajectories of two PALACEs deployed at 700 m depth indicate that there exists an anticyclonic circulation in the Ulleung Basin and northward currents along the western side of the Yamato Rise with speeds less than 6 cm/s.

08 PHYSICAL AND BIO-OPTICAL VARIABILITY AT THE SUBPOLAR FRONT OF THE JAPAN/EAST SEA IN SPRING 1999 AND WINTER 2000.
Lee C.M.¹, Jones B.H.², Arnone R.³, Gould R.W.³, Dorman C.⁴, Brink K.H.⁶, Chang K.I.⁷, Suk M.S.⁷, Ryang S.R.^5

1-University of Washington, USA
²-University of Southern California, USA
³-Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, USA
⁴-Scripps Institute of Oceanography, USA
⁵-Kwangju University, REPUBLIC OF KOREA
⁶-Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA
⁷-Korean Ocean Research and Development Institute, REPUBLIC OF KOREA

Two cruises, one in May-June 1999 and the other in January-February 2000, employed a towed, undulating profiler (SeaSoar) to make highly resolved, three-dimensional surveys of the subpolar front in the Japan/East Sea. The primary goals were to study frontal dynamics, cross-front bio-optical contrasts, upper ocean response to strong wintertime forcing at the subpolar front and the resulting formation, subduction and spreading of intermediate waters. In addition to standard physical measurements, SeaSoar carried dissolved oxygen, bioluminescence and high-bandwidth absorption and backscatter sensors. Upper ocean currents and meteorological variables were measured continuously while underway from shipboard sensors. Initial analysis of the springtime observations reveals a strong front at approximately 39 30'N, with the strong horizontal temperature gradients in the upper 200 m. The front separates cold, fresh waters to the north from warmer, saltier waters in the south. South of the front, a sharply stratified seasonal pycnocline separates a 30 m weakly stratified surface layer from the permanent pycnocline, which extends from 50 m through the bottom of the SeaSoar's vertical range at 350 m. To the north, the surface layer shoals and is more strongly stratified. Elevated levels chlorophyll fluorescence are found at the top of the seasonal pycnocline south of the front, but sometimes extend through the weakly stratified surface layer to the north. Elevated levels of dissolved oxygen, high chlorophyll fluorescence and low transmissivity extend downward in a finger near the 27 kg/m^3 isopycnal, along the frontal interface. In springtime, waters observed beneath the seasonal pycnocline south of the front may have originated near the surface farther to the north.

09 SEASONAL CYCLE OF HEAT AND SALT BALANCE IN PETER THE GREAT BAY (JAPAN SEA).
Zuenko Yu.I.
Pacific Fisheries Research Center, RUSSIA

On the base of frequent round the year observations on the section across the shelf of Peter the Great Bay coupled with meteorological data, the components of heat and fresh water balance were estimated. An important role of wind is shown that affected to water by three mechanisms: evaporation, horizontal advection, and abrupt changes of the upper mixed layer thickness because of upwelling-downwelling. The main components of the heat balance are belonged to latent exchange and advection (both horizontal and vertical), of the salt balance - to evaporation, advection, and precipitation. The effects of sensible heat exchange and turbulent exchange are insignificant, the effects of river discharge and ice formation are possibly limited by narrow coastal zone. Relations of the main components with meteorological parameters were explained quantitatively.

10 WARM CORE IN THE EAST KOREAN BAY IN WINTER.
Shin C.W.¹, Byun S.K.¹, Kim C.¹, Seung Y.H.^2

1-Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute, REPUBLIC OF KOREA
²-Inha University, REPUBLIC OF KOREA

To describe a warm core in the East Korean Bay in winter, historical hydrographic data that is observed in February 1934 were analyzed. The warm core located in 39N, 129E. The temperature and salinity of the core were about 4C� and 34.0 psu. The warm core circulates anticyclonically with the maximum geostrophic current about 20 cm/s. Recent mcsst images of the NOAA satellites also show the warm core in the East Korean Bay in winter.

11 SOME RESULTS OF THE SUMMER 1999 JAERI-FERHRI EXPEDITION.
Tkalin A.¹, Aramaki T.², Togawa O.², Volkov Yu.^1

1-Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute, RUSSIA
²-Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, JAPAN

In May 1999, joint Japanese-Russian expedition to study radionuclide behavior in the Japan Sea was successfully implemented aboard FERHRI research vessel �Professor Khromov�. During the expedition, specialists from FERHRI and JAERI performed 12 CTD casts with measurements of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrients from the surface to the bottom, deployed two PALACE drifters and one mooring with three current meters, took samples of seawater from the surface, bottom layer and three intermediate layers (200, 1000 and 2000 m), and took samples of surface and subsurface sediments at two stations. Activities of gamma emitters, 90Sr and 239,240Pu were measured in samples of seawater and bottom sediments. Measured activities were low and caused by global atmospheric fallout of radionuclides. Data obtained in 1999 cruise are quite close to the results of previous expeditions. For better understanding of radionuclide inputs, distribution, transport and possible effects, further studies in the Sea of Japan are necessary.

12 RESULTS OF DIRECT CURRENT MEASUREMENTS IN THE NORTHWESTERN PART OF THE OKHOTSK SEA.
Shevchenko G.V.¹, Putov V.F.^2

1-Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, RUSSIA
²-Environmental Company of Sakhalin, RUSSIA

Measurements of the currents were carried out in May 27 � June 11, 1990 in the Kuhtuyskaya oil-bearing area, northwestern part of the Okhotsk Sea (58° 04� N 143° 49� E).
For present analysis we used observations of currents made by AYZIT current-meters, the sampling interval of current records was 15 min, the mooring horizons were 2 (duration 14.5 days), 56 and 137 m (16.5 days). We estimated spectral characteristics of sea currents in this region, examined tidal and non-tidal components. For this mooring more than 70% of total energy was related to diurnal tides. There are well-expressed peaks in the spectra of East-directed and North-directed current components related to diurnal and semidiurnal tides. Rotary spectra show that clockwise (anticyclonic) motions dominate at diurnal frequency band, and anti-clockwise motions dominate at semidiurnal frequency band. Also, in the upper layer there is well-expressed peak at period about 14 h that correspondent to inertial currents in this area.
Non-tidal currents were mainly barotropic, daily mean vectors were similar at different horizons. Daily mean velocities decreased slowly from 10 cm/sec to 2 cm/sec. Residual currents had westerly and southwesterly directions in the upper layer, maximal velocities were 35-40 cm/sec. At horizons 56 and 137 m non-tidal currents had westerly and northwesterly directions, maximal velocities were 20-25 cm/sec.

13 RESULTS OF DIRECT CURRENT MEASUREMENTS IN LA PEROUSE (SOYA) STRAIT.
Kantakov G.A.¹, Shevchenko G.V.^2

1-Sakhalin Instutute Fisheries and Oceanography, RUSSIA
²-Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, RUSSIA

SIFO develops oceanographic investigations at LP (Soya) Strait and deployed submooring named Astarta and located near center between capes Soya and Kril'on. Currents, T and S data from 15 and 45 meters are analyzed from February to August, 1999. The goals of analysis were: currents spectra, residial currents features, total volume water flux via strait. According analysis the next results were obtained: the diurnal currents were predominated in the spectra. Velocities of the diurnal currents exceed 0.9 m/s. Semidiurnal currents were weak. Other part of the spectra contains 2 remarkable peaks: at 1 week period as well 2 weeks period, meanwhile 2 weeks peak was more strong. Daily fluctuations via strait were very strong, some tine exceeded 0.5 Sv. That suppose strong anemobaric impact on the flux to the strait. The flux through the Strait was calculated with data collected early and contained info about nonlinearly of the currents profile along strait as well depth. The mean volume transport via strait is 0.67 Sv directed from Sea of Japan to the Sea of Okhotsk. Contrary picture was rare and characterized by few episodes in early March and associated with severe storms at the area. Other detailes, included T and S discussed.

14 THE MONITORING OF THE TSUSHIMA CURRENT THROUGH THE FERRY LINE BETWEEN HAKATA AND PUSAN.
Takikawa T.¹, Yoon J.H.², Cho K.D.^3

1-Kyushu University, JAPAN
²-Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, JAPAN
³-Pukyong University, REPUBLIC OF KOREA

Since February, 1997, the monitoring (six times a week) of current structure across Tsushima Straits has been being conducted using ADCP mounted to the regular Ferry boat "Camellia" measuring current velocities at every 8 m interval from sea surface to bottom.
Harmonic analysis are carried out using the least square fitting to study the tidal current structure across Tsushima Straits. Estimated major eight tidal components with strong spacial valiabilities are in good agreement with those obtained by a long-term current measurements moored at the western channel.
The north-eastward core speeds of the residual current after the removal of tidal currents range from 20 to 35 cm/s at the eastern channel and from 40 to 65 cm/s at the western one. Counter currents are observed east of the Tsushima Islands and at the lower layer (150-200mdepth).
The about three years mean volume transport through the straits is calculated to be 2.6 Sv (1.1 Sv and 1.5 Sv at the eastern and western channel, respectively).

15 FORMATION OF THE INTERMEDIATE WATERS OF THE JAPAN SEA.
Tishchenko P. Ya.¹, Talley L.D.², Luchin V.A.^3

1-Pacific Oceanological Institute , RUSSIA
²-Scripps Institute of Oceanography, USA
³-Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological institute, RUSSIA

Evidence is presented that the salinity minimum and salinity maximum intermediate waters of the Japan Sea result from mixing of the warm and saline Tsushima Water and the cold/fresh water of the northwestern Japan Sea. The data were collected in summer, 1999, from cruises on the R/V Revelle and R/V Khromov (24June-17July and 22July-13August).
Three mechanisms are involved in the formation. (1) Heat exchange between the two waters results contrary moving of them which gives mixing. (2) Mixing forms more dense water due to volume contraction. (3) Dense parcels are spread into deep layers which have neutral buoyancy. The most likely region of intermediate water formation is along the front zone west of Sangarskj Strait and southward from Peter the Great Bay. It is possible that most intensive IW formation is going in February. An upcoming cruise on the Khromov in March, 2000, will test this hypothesis.

16 ANOMALIES OF THE JAPAN SEA DEEP WATER CHARACTERISTICS.
Ponomarev V.¹, Talley L.², Tishchenko P.¹, Sagalaev S.¹, Salyuk A.¹, Lobanov V.B.¹, Kaplunenko D.^1

1-Pacific Oceanological Institute, RUSSIA
²-Scripps Institute of Oceanography, USA

The oceanographic and hydrochemical characteristics of the Japan/East Sea Proper Water (JSPW) has been changed during the second half of the 20th century. New details of the thermohaline and hydrochemical parameters distribution in the deep and bottom waters of the Japan Sea deep basins were found during R/V "Pavel Gordienko", R/V "Roger Revelle" and R/V "Professor Khromov" oceanographic cruises in spring and summer of 1999. The gentle trace of the winter deep convection over the deep continental slope adjacent to the Peter The Great Bay is found in April 1999. At the same time, features of the deep and bottom water inhomogeneity indicate to the substantial impact of the synoptic scale processes on the deep water transformation and change both in the cold and warm climatic periods. Despite the different climate condition, some synoptic scale patterns of the potential temperature, salinity, oxygen phosphate, silicate and nutrients distribution in 1999 are similar to these in 1950 according to R/V "Vityaz" oceanographic observation. The vertical heat transport to the deep and bottom water from the upper layers is mainly controlled by Tsushima Current Rings and topographic eddies. The highest horizontal gradients of the potential temperature and hydrochemical characteristics in the deep/bottom water are observed near the deep slope of sea mounts and rises both in 90s during climatic period of warming and in 1950 during the period of cooling. In the cold winters of 40s and 50s when the vertical density stratification of the JSPW was weak the synoptic scale eddies might be associated with deep convective cells. In 90s when JSPW stratification is higher than in 50s the winter dynamic convective cells are shallower while the synoptic eddies transport the heat to the deep/bottom water.

17 CHARACTERISTICS OF LONG-TERM VARIABILITY OF SEA SURFACE HEAT FLUXES IN THE EAST MARGINAL SEAS.
Lee S., Na J.
Hanyang University, REPUBLIC OF KOREA

The EOF characteristics of long-term variation of the heat fluxes in the East Asian Marginal Seas are investigated using twice-daily heat flux data which was calculated mostly from weather maps at 0.5 degree by 0.5 degree grid points.
Long-term mean of the net heat flux shows that the maximum heat loss occurs in the central part of the Yellow Sea, along the Kuroshio axis andalong the west coast of the northern Japanese islands. Standard deviation of the net heat flux reveals that maximum variability occurs at the central part of the Yellow Sea and the East/Japan Sea.
The first EOF explains about 62% of total variance and has amplitude distribution similar to that of standard deviation. The second mode explains about 6% of total variance and shows phase change at the boundary along the southern coast of Japan.

18 CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS AS CIRCULATION AND VENTILATION TRACERS IN THE EAST (JAPAN) SEA.
Min D.H., Warner M.
University of Washington, USA

Distributions of the dissolved chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the East (Japan) Sea measured during Summer 1999 are described and compared to previous CFC measurements. Vertical profiles of CFC concentrations exhibit a maximum associated with the shallow salinity minimum layer and monotonically decreasing concentrations with increasing depth below this layer. At a given location, CFC-11 concentrations in the shallow salinity minimum layer have decreased since 1996, reflecting the change in atmospheric concentrations and confirming the rapid ventilation time scale for this layer. The 1999 survey reveals a tongue of this CFC-maximum water spreading southward of the subpolar front into the Ulleung Basin. The thickest CFC-maximum layer, 700-800 m thick, is located in the northeastern Japan Basin, and it is the result of the previous winter's deep convection. Over most of the water column, the CFC concentrations are higher in the Ulleung Basin than in the Yamato Basin. However, the Bottom Water (BW, below 2400 m) CFC concentrations are higher in the Yamato Basin than in the Ulleung and Japan Basins. Within the Japan Basin, the BW CFC concentrations are highest adjacent to the boundary and lowest in the central portion of the basin, suggesting that the boundary region is more well-ventilated. These BW CFC distributions are opposite to the distributions of dissolved oxygen. These findings suggest that vertical mixing, as opposed to BW formation, plays an important role in controlling the BW property distributions in this sea.

19 QUANTATIVE ANALYSIS OF THERMAL STRUCTURE ON THE SEA SURFACE BY SATELLITE NOAA IR-IMAGES.
Alexanin A.I., Alexanina M.G.
Institute of Automation and Control Processes, RUSSIA

A method for marking thermal structures on the sea surface by satellite IR-images has been created and used for the last four yeas. The procedure is based on an approach for extraction of oriented texture from images. Satellite images of the sea surface might be considered as a set of oriented textures in the temperature field, assuming that the field nature is related to the sea dynamics. The oriented structure is a 2D image with a calculated dominant direction of the radiation contrast at each point. The method evaluates the dominant orientation of the radiation contrasts and estimates the appropriate coherence level (coincidence of the separate orientations) of the local gradient field in the vicinity of every point. Visual analysis of dominant orientations field allows identifying main objects of synoptic scales. And it was demonstrated that dominant orientations have a good agreement with sea current directions.
An algorithms and new results of thermal structures quantitative analysis are presented in this work. A problems of eddies and fronts identification is under consideration with appreciation of its locations, forms, scales and fields of highest sea surface velocities.

20 THE CARBON BUDGET IN THE EAST SEA (JAPAN SEA).
Kang D.J Kim K.R.
Seoul National University, REPUBLIC OF KOREA

Many studies on climate change in recent years have put emphasis on quantifying the oceanic pumping mechanisms of CO₂ such as solubility, biological, alkalinity, and dynamic pumps.
The East Sea (Japan Sea) is one of the ideal natural laboratories for studying these oceanic processes. It's based on recent observations that the East Sea shows many open ocean characteristics including her own conveyer system and that her ventilation system has been changing for the last 30-40 years, which may resemble the mode of change expected in the global oceans associated with global warming.
Studies on carbon cycle in the East Sea were carried out during CREAMS expeditions. Necessary CO₂ parameters (pCO₂ in surface waters and marine air, alkalinity, pH, chlorophyll) have been measured along with the general oceanographical parameters. Using a simple gas-exchange model at the air-sea interface and a moving-boundary box model for the East Sea in change, a first-order carbon budget in the East Sea was developed. The East Sea absorbs 0.036 Gt-C from the atmosphere annually by solubility pump. About 17% and 83% of this input contribute the increase of total CO₂ in the surface and deep waters, respectively. A time-dependent carbon budget model is being developed and will be further discussed at the meeting.

21 OBSERVATIONS OF SPIRAL EDDIES IN THE JAPAN SEA.
Ostrovskii A.
Frontier Observational Research System for Global Change

22 POLLUTANTS TRANSPORT MODELLING TECHNIQUE ON SAKHALIN SHELF.
Bogdanovsky A.A., Kochergin I.E.
Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute, RUSSIA

The technique that models the behavior of pollutants in marine environment has been developed to furnish the data for the ecological and hydrometeorological sections of the projects operating Sakhalin shelf gas and oil fields. The described technique is applicable for the assessment of the impact produced by discharged or spelt pollutants, both surface films (oil spills) and the substances that evolve in sea-water thickness. Modelling techniques include auxiliary programs for preliminary processing of the initial information, the databases containing hydrometeorological information and pollution source characteristics, engineering methods and models, analytical software and the one for visual interpretation of modelling results.
The initial information used in modelling includes representative and statistically sufficient data tested for quality, such as: meteorological characteristics of the region under study, hydrological fields of density, salinity, and sea-water temperature, current data series, background pollution level, etc. The quality model of the pollution source is constructed with the help of the set up spatial position, geometric characteristics, detailed regime of pollution input, and physical-chemical properties of pollutants. The described technique applies the methods of typical meteo-field construction, hydrological models calculating the scheme of currents, special method for the construction of typical parametrizations and hydrological scenarios, the model of pollution transport and precipitation in sea-water thickness, and the trajectory model of surface film (oil) transport.
The main approach used in this, developed by FERHRI�s specialists, technique applies the three dimensional diffusive-advective model using the Lagrange media description based on the method of "wondering particles", with a pollutant being represented as a set of multiple markers distributed by advection and turbulent pulsation.
Automated techniques calculating the transport of pollutants in marine environment are realized in the form of software complexes "V2000" and "VOS". The former calculates distribution of pollutants in the sea-water thickness, the latter determines oil spill trajectories. Computer model "VOS-2000real" adapted to the self conditions of North East Sakhalin is able to forecast oil spill trajectories in the real time.

23 THE EFFECT OF LOCAL WIND STRESS CURL ON INTERMEDIATE WATER FORMATION.
Kawamura H., Yoon J.H.
Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, JAPAN

The strong winter monsoon passing through Vladivostok valley is accompanied by a wind stress vortex pair off Vladivostok which gives a great influence on the water mass formation of the Japan/East Sea. Senjyu and Sudo suggested the upper portion of the Japan Sea proper water (UJSPW) is formed southeast of Vladivostok that corresponds to the region of positive wind stress curl.
In this study we try to clarify the formation process and rate of intermediate water using numerical modeling. The model used here is GFDL MOM with 1/6 degree resolution forced by ECMWF wind and Haney type heat flux, and inflow and outflow through three straits. The model result shows the deep convection occurs in a narrow region between the cold fresh water along the Primorye coast and the warm Tsushima Current Water in the south. The region with the mixed layer depth of over 900 m corresponds to the area of the positive wind stress curl off Vladivostok. Besides the formation of UJSPW, the formation process of East Sea Intermediate Water (ESIW) characterized by salinity minimum is reproduced. The low salinity water at the surface advected from the north sinks into the intermediate layer toward the east forming ESIW after meeting the East Korean Warm Current east of Korean coast. And the formation rate of intermediate water is investigated by study of subduction of the mixed layer water. The total formation rate of intermediate water is estimated to be 0.51Sv, which corresponds to a ventilation time of 37.3 years.

24 VARIABILITY OF THE SEA OF JAPAN (EAST SEA) CIRCULATION IN THE HIGH RESOLUTION MODELING.
Kuzin V.I., Nazarov O.N.
Institute of Computational Mathematics and Math. Geophysics, RUSSIA

The present paper continues the study of the SOJ/ES circulation on the basis of the Novosibirsk Computing Center Ocean Circulation Model (NCCOCM). The results presented in the paper are the next step of the sensitivity study of the eddy-resolving SOJ circulation mode to the various boundary conditions and external forcing. Discretization of the model is based on the finite element technique. The FEM analogue of B-grid is used. The spatial resolution for 3-D diagnostic and prognostic model was 1/8 deg. and 1/16 deg. with 24 non-uniform standard levels. The climatic data by Levitus, 1994 & Hellerman, Rosenstein, 1983 were prescribed for the seasons as initial and boundary conditions at the first stage. The numerical experiments were done in the following manner: diagnostic and short-range spin-up of the model were carried out on the basis of the climatic data. At the next stage the heat fluxes adopted from the paper Wei Wang, 1997 were used at the surface in the seasonal cycle.
The next stage of the numerical experiment was dealt with some preliminary study of the model sensitivity to the thermal forcing at the sea surface. The obtained fields were set as the initial conditions for the numerical experiment with thermal flux conditions .The results show that the structure of the temperature fields and currents became quite similar in intensity to the prognostic results with the SST prescribed. This means that the thermal forcing plays the role of keeping the SOJ dynamics. At the same time, there are some distinctions in circulation, especially, in some near-shore regions. This work was supported by Russian Foundation of Fundamental Research, Grant No 95-05-65953.

25 NUMERICAL MODELING EXPERIMENT OF THE EAST (JAPAN) SEA CIRCULATION BASED ON POM-ES.
Ro Y.J., Smirnov S.
Chungnam National University, REPUBLIC OF KOREA

Numerical model for the general circulation of the East (Japan) Sea circulation, POM-ES was developed by Ro (1999a,b,c). The POM-ES was setup for the domain of 34� to 46�N and 128� to 140�E and adapted to the real topography with 1/10 degree horizontal resolutions (dx=8.34 to 9.57, dy=11.2 km) and 10 (23) vertical sigma levels. The POM-ES has been used for the variety of numerical experiments to understand the general circulation characteristics and eddy generations in the East (Japan) Sea. The model performances has been tested with various datasets of forcing functions and initial conditions including GDEM for the hydrography, Na�s windstress, and in- and outflow conditions. In particular, p-vectors for the climatological monthly 3-D current vectors were estimated based on GDEM and were used to initialize the POM-ES. To have better predicting powers of the POM-ES, data assimilating schemes are being implemented on and the datasets of SST, SSH, drifters and others of opportunities are being tested. These results will be presented through animated movies.

26 JAPAN SEA COLD AIR OUTBREAK EVENTS FOR THE 1999/2000 WINTER.
Dorman C.E.¹, Varlamov S.M.², Dashko N.A.^3

1-Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, USA
²-Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, JAPAN
³-Far Eastern State Technical Fisheries University, RUSSIA

Cold air outbreaks were observed affecting the Japan Sea for the 1999/2000 winter. Measurements made at Vladivostok, RV Revelle and the JMA Japan Sea buoy. Heat fluxes are computed. Comparisons are made with ECMWF and JMA numerical weather prediction system analysis data. Climatological comparisons with other years are discussed.

27 DIRECT OBSERVATIONS OF THE CURRENT STRUCTURE IN THE JAPAN/EAST SEA.
Shcherbina A.Y., Talley L.D.
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, USA

The full-depth current structure in the Japan/East Sea was investigated, combining direct velocity measurements from lowered and shipboard acoustic Doppler profilers (ADCP) with the hydrographic data, obtained from two cruises during June-July 1999. The study showed good agreement among the results of these three independent methods. A comprehensive description of the major components of the surface to abyssal circulation was created. The spatial structure of the subpolar front in general, as well as the two regularly-occurring mesoscale eddies in the subpolar region was also studied.

28 SEASONAL AND SYNOPTIC SIMULATIONS OF THE JAPAN (EAST) SEA CIRCULATION.
Mooers C.N.K., Kang H.S., Chen S.
University of Miami, USA

The Princeton Ocean Model (POM) is used to simulate the response of the JES to seasonal and synoptic atmospheric forcing. The implementation with 26 sigma-levels and ca.10km horizontal resolution is called JES-POM. The Na monthly climatological winds are used for forcing JES-POM in the seasonal case. The (PSU/NCAR) MM5 mesoscale atmospheric model's winds and heat fluxes are used for forcing JES-POM in the synoptic case. The aim is (1) to simulate (in particular) wintertime convection and ventilation and (2) to validate the model simulations against available observations.

29 POSSIBILITY OF THE PROGNOSTIC DEPENDENCY CONSTRUCTION ON THE BASIS OF THE PROCESSED INSTRUMENTAL CURRENT AND WIND DATA OBSERVED ON THE NORTHEASTERN SAKHALIN SHELF.
Kochergin I.E.¹, Rybalko S.I.¹, Putov V.F.³, Shevchenko G.V.^2

1-Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute, RUSSIA
²-Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, RUSSIA
³-Environmental Company of Sakhalin, RUSSIA

The paper investigates the possibility of engineering prognostic dependency construction for the currents of the northeastern Sakhalin shelf. The series of instrumental current data and synchronous wind observations collected in the Piltun-Astokh and Arktun-Dagi oil fields in 1979, 1987, 1989, 1996-1998 are used as the initial information. The mentioned data were collected 20-50 m deep within 52° 20� - 53° limits and 10-30 km away from a shoreline.
Statistic characteristics of tidal and noontydal components of the currents and their inter-year variability are studied. Vertical profiles of current velocity modulus recurrence are constructed. Current profiles are classified over types, significant situations are distinguished. Correlation coefficients of the currents synchronously measured in different sites in 1997 and 1998 are assessed. The approach to the engineering forecasts of currents is based on the preliminary calculation of periodic currents over harmonic constants and the forecasts of nonperiodic current component over parameterization of current dependency on the forecasted meteosituations.
The analysis of the investigated periodic currents proved the possibility of construction of prognostic tidal current dependencies well coinciding in amplitude and phase, and accounting the amplitude-phase corrections due to incoincidence of spatial sites of the forecasts and instrumental observations.
The coefficients characterizing the correlation between nonperiodic currents and wind are calculated. Investigations of the effect produced by wind on the synchronous current characteristics in the area under study helped to reveal the dependence of current amplitudes and directions on wind amplitudes and directions. The obtained dependencies revealed characteristic deviations of current velocities and directions from wind velocities and directions. This adds importance to both the current/wind correlation and the prognostic dependencies of nonperiodic currents.

30 PARTICLE TRAJECTORIES AND DISPERSION IN THE ABYSSAL LAYER OF A HIGH RESOLUTION MODEL OF THE JAPAN/EAST SEA CIRCULATION.
Hogan P.J.¹, Riser S.C.^2

1-Stennis Space Center, USA.
²-University of Washington, USA

We have examined the abyssal circulation of the Japan/East Sea (JES) in 1/64 degree numerical model by releasing a large number of marked numerical particles in the model and following these particles over times of a number of years. The numerical model if forced by both the interannual, time-dependent wind field from 1979 through 1997 and prescribed seasonally-varying flows through the JES straits; the abyssal layer includes the portion of the water column below depths of about 300 m. In general, the particles appear to follow bathymetric contours, and over periods as short as 2 years the particles originating in various one-degree square regions can spread over as much as half of the JES. The dynamics of the dispersion of these particles is complicated, and is governed by both eddy-dispersion and shear-dispersion effects. There appear to be a number of qualitative similarities between the paths of particles in the abyssal layer of the model and recent observations of the subthermocline flow in the JES made from PALACE floats.

31 OIL SPILL ANALYSIS AND QUICK RESPONSE SYSTEM FOR THE SEA OF JAPAN BASED ON THE SHALLOW WATER CIRCULATION MODEL.
Varlamov S.M.¹, Yoon J.H.¹, Abe K.^2

1-Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, JAPAN
²-Interdisciplinary Graduate School Eng. Sciences, Kyushu University, JAPAN.

The structure of the system and the results of it verification on the example of the oil spill incident January 1997 are reported. The particle tracking method is used for the spill model, which includes the effects of oil transport by wind and currents, buoyancy and random diffusion, parameterization for oil evaporation, biochemical decay and for the interaction of the oil particles with the coast. The results of simulations with nonlinear shallow water Japan Sea ocean circulation model are presented and discussed. The vertical current profile is restored by local bilinear turbulent current model and the empirical wind drift is adopted at the sea surface.
Comparison of the simulation results for the Japan Sea oil spill January 1997 with observations shows quite good correspondence. Chronology of the oil spreading along the coast of Japan is well reproduced by model. Simulated oil concentration field reflects the main features in distribution of observed oil as a number of random slicks widely distributed along the Japanese coast. Model reproduces the oil spreading to the north from Noto peninsula, although underestimates the speed of coastal current.

32 LONG-TERM FLUCTUATIONS OF A THERMODYNAMIC CONDITIONS IN SURFACE LAYER OF THE JAPAN SEA AS RESPONSE TO CLIMATIC CHANGES IN ATMOSPHERE.
Saveliev A.V.
Far Eastern Hydrometeorological Research Institute, RUSSIA

The monthly averaged data records of a sea level, surface water layer (tw) and air (ta) temperature, ice cover duration (Tice) collected from 21 coastal stations of Russia, Japan, Korea was examined to study long -term variations of the Japan Sea thermodynamic conditions. Data duration varied from 30 (Pusan) to 70 (Vladivostok) years. Apart from it, to analyze the connection between long-term evolution of examined hydrometeorological characteristics and atmospheric large-scale processes the atmospheric circulation indexes of Vangengeim-Girs for the Northern Hemisphere for the period 1900-1997 was used.
The seasonal differences of long-term variability of air and water temperature, ice cover duration and sea level of the Japan Sea are obtained. In cold season the monotonous tendency to increase of shown characteristics (decrease for Tice) is marked, that agree with global warming of the Earth. In warm season the variability of thermodynamic parameters has a character of long-range climatic waves with downturn in the 1920-30-th to the 1960-70-th years and steady increase during last two decades.
It is in a good accordance with large-scale variations of atmospheric circulation in the Northern Hemisphere. Variations of atmospheric circulation occurring with periodicity about 70-80 years induce similar waves in hydrosphere of the Japan Sea in warm season. Abnormal development of meridional air mass transport causes strengthening of summer monsoon activity and of relatively cold sea air advection over the Japan Sea. That results to cooling of surface water layer and decrease sea level. The abnormal development of zonal processes induces intensification of heating continental air mass from Mongolia and China into the Japan Sea. The consequences are the occurrence of positive anomalies of air and water temperature, increase of sea level.

33 VISUALIZATION OF 3D PERSPECTIVES OF THE GENERAL CIRCULATION AND EDDY GENERATION OF THE EAST (JAPAN) SEA BASED ON POM-ES.
Ro Y.J., Smirnov S., Choi Y.H.
Chungnam National University, REPUBLIC OF KOREA

Scientific visualization of the model outputs has become a more important and necessary tool to help the understanding of the model performance and underlying physics itself. We have exploited the usage of IDL graphic capabilities such as basic contouring of scalar variables, 2D vector plots, 3D perspective view of 2D variables, 3D volume slicing and iso-surfacing, etc. The visualization of the model outputs are designed to address the scientific questions regarding the characteristics of the general circulation and mesoscale eddies in the East (Japan) Sea. Its features involve interactive tool on the map. The examples of the model outputs are derived from the modeling experiments based on POM-ES developed by Ro (1999 a, b, c). Demo will be presented on laptop computer under IDL environment.

34 ESTIMATIONS OF MOONSOON ACTIVITY OVER THE JAPAN SEA.
Dashko N.A.¹, Varlamov S.M.^2

1-Far Eastern State Technical Fisheries University, Vladivostok, RUSSIA
²-Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, JAPAN

The analysis of winter wind fields over the Japan Sea by PCA (principal component analysis) demonstrated that first three PCA modes determined approximately 63% of a total wind�s field variability during the winter season and 67% for January. The structure of two first modes is directly related with the intensity of winter monsoon activity (WMA) over the Sea of Japan. They define the main contribution in the WMA as variations of meridional and zonal winds and are responsible for about 54% of total wind fields variability over the Sea. The correlation maps of this modes with the sea level pressure (SLP) field were used as patterns to extend the analysis from hourly to monthly data and for the secular variability of the Japan Sea WMA. The indexes of WMA were introduced as time expansion coefficients of SLP anomalies using the SLP correlation patterns as basic functions. The long-term time series of the WMA indexes showed an absence of significant trends from the 20-th up to 70-th. After that a noticeable significant tendency for decreasing of zonal index was observed (-0.6/10 years) when for the meridional index it was accompanied by its growth (0.1/10 years).

35 RESULTS FROM HYBRID ISOPYCNAL/SIGMA-COORDINATE OCEAN MODEL IN THE JAPAN/EAST SEA.
Hogan P.J., Wallcraft A.J., Hurlburt H.E.
Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, USA

Generalized vertical coordinate ocean circulation model has beenimplemented to investigate the circulation dynamics of the Japan/East Sea. The model is forced with monthly Hellerman-Rosenstein wind stress, monthly COADS thermal atmospheric forcing, and inflow/out flow through the straits. This model has high vertical resolution (sigma coordinates) over the shelf region, but reverts to isopycnal coordinates in the interior of the basin. In the interior part of the basin, and within the stratified mixed layer, the vertical coordinate is "z-level" in nature. The model is configured to include two different types of mixed layer models, the K-profile parameterization (KPP) and a Kraus-Turner bulk style mixed layer model. Results from both are compared, with attention paid to the seasonality of the mixed layer depth. All major current systems are realistically reproduced. Particular attention is given to the dynamics of the Near shore Branch of the Tsushima Warm Current

36 THE PRIMORYE PINK SALMON DYNAMICS AND ATMOSPHERIC MACROPROCESSES CHANGES IN THE MIDDLE TROPOSPHERE OVER THE SEA OF JAPAN AND THE ADJACENT AREAS.
Goryainov A.A., Shatilina T.A.
Pacific Research Fisheries Centre, RUSSIA

Climate defines the salmon reproduction and picks condition at all the types of the living cycle. The Primorskaya pink salmon and climatic variation dynamics connection is analyzed in the area in the area limits. H500 geopotential state data are used as a climatic variability index, which is an integral one of atmospheric macro processes changes in the middle troposphere.
The largest influence on Primorskaya pink salmon of the odd years generations have the atmospheric processes over the Sea of Okhotsk and the adjacent areas in the estuary-coastal period of its living cycle. The atmospheric process influence center on the pink salmon number in the above mentioned period is over the northern part of Tatar Strait in the Sea of Japan. At the some time the atmospheric processes influence on the odd years generation number is marked weekly.
The atmospheric processes over the northern part of the Sea of Japan and the adjacent northern coastal areas have influence on the Primorskaya pink salmon pick conditions of the odd years generations. There is on the contrary for the odd years generations the atmospheric processes are over the southern part of the sea. In all probability the wintering and pick condition areas is not having one: it increases in oven years and weakens in odd years.

37 LONG-TERM VARIABILITY OF HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS. IN THE JAPAN, OKHOTSK AND BERING SEAS.
Ustinova E.I., Sorokin Yu.D., Dyomina T.V.
Pacific Fisheries Research Centre, RUSSIA

Statistical characteristics of long-term variability of a thermal regime of the Far-Eastern Seas were calculated on the base of data series on ice cover, water and air temperature at coastal meteorological stations.
The analysis of rate of SST seasonal changes at coastal stations has shown that on the majority of stations in Bering Sea the spring warming is faster than autumn cooling, at stations in the Okhotsk Sea the curve of seasonal changes is almost symmetrical, at stations in the Japan Sea the rate of autumn cooling exceeds the rate of spring warming, especially at southern stations. The maximum rate of seasonal changes of SST is marked in the tip of the Tatar Strait, both during warming and cooling. The most conformed interannual oscillations of autumn cooling rate are marked at the stations of the Japan Sea. The maximum interannual variability of SST is observed in summer or autumn months. The maximum of air temperature variance is observed in winter and minimum - in July - September. For last 20 years unidirectional warming is well expressed only at stations of the Japan Sea in winter season and in separate months of other seasons. The groups of coastal stations with the same type of interannual oscillations of water temperature are detected: in the Japan Sea they occupy a part of the coast from Grossevichi to Nakhodka, in the Okhotsk Sea � the coast from Ulya to Ayan, in Bering Sea they are the stations Gavriil and Ugol�naya. The interannual variability of water temperature at coastal stations is determined in greater degree by local processes than air temperature variability. Quantitatively it is characterized by smaller values of spatial correlation radius for water temperature. The maximum correlation between water temperature and air temperature is marked at stations in the Japan Sea in autumn.
The variability of thermal regime in winter was estimated by ice coverage. The spectral analysis of the time series of the largest ice extent in the Okhotsk Sea shows that the basic contribution to a variance gives oscillations with period about 50 years. This scale was received by Minobe for North Pacific. The following contribution is 10 years oscillations, next - 18 and 25 years. In Bering Sea the amplitude of interannual oscillations is approximately twice less and periods of oscillations have smaller stability. In the Tatar Strait the periodical components are represented weakly. Contribution of harmonic components to interannual variability is from 30% for the Tatar Strait to 74% for the Okhotsk Sea. On the basis of the received statistically significant peaks of spectral density of mean winter ice extent, the forecast of general tendency of ice extent as the sum of harmonic components is carried out.

POSTERS

01 FAR EAST SEAS INVESTIGATIONS WITH THE AID OF THE REGIONAL SATELLITE MONITORING: EXPERIENCE AND PROBLEMS.
Alexanin A.I.¹, Alexanina M.G.¹, Herbeck F.E.¹, Gorin I.I.¹, Lobanov V.B.^2

1- Institute of Automation and Control Processes, RUSSIA
²- Pacific Oceanological Institute, RUSSIA

Regional satellite monitoring of environment (RSM) on the base of the regular capture and real-time processing of digital multichannel satellite information occupies a significant position among various tools for ocean-atmosphere state and dynamics investigations. In the worldwide practice, RSM is proficiently using both as stand-along method and in combination with orthodox means of oceanographic researches. Particularly interesting results one can obtain by satellite support marine cruises when ships routes and in-situ observation program are correcting during the cruse on the base of satellite data processing results. Retrospective researches that use archive satellite and in-situ data are widely practiced as well.
Since 1993, the multi computer System for acquisition, processing, and archiving of the NOAA/HRPT data is operating in the Institute of Automation and Control Processes FEB RAS (Vladivostok). In the beginning 1999, the Inter-Institute RSM Centre on the basis of the System is established and operating. Among other things, the Centre includes the operational service of satellite observations and historical archive of satellite data on the Far East Region.
The structure and possibilities of the Centre are described. The experience and problems of carrying out of oceanographic researches in the Far East seas and neighbouring Pacific areas (including information support of marine expeditions) are discussed. Some results of such an investigations are reported.

02 OCEANOLOGICAL BASE OF DISTRIBUTION AND SEASONAL MIGRATION OF FUR SEALS IN THE JAPAN SEA.
Ashchepkov A.T.¹, Nikitin A.A.², Muktepavel L.S.^2

1-Institute of Marine Biology, RUSSIA
²- Pacific Research Fisheries Centre, RUSSIA

One of the main wintering areas of Fur seals, which breed in summer on Robben island is Japan Sea. Fur seals migrate to Robben island in spring, crossing Laperuza channel, south of Ohotsk Sea and Terpenia bay and come back in early winter. The migration length is about 1000 miles to one end and depends on oceanological, ise conditions for duration. As a result of it, some years Fur seals breeding on Robben island may delay and it has negative effect on nursling and life durations of their pups. Oceanological dates were accumulated by satellites "Meteor", "NOAA" at UR-, TV-intervals and shipping dates on Fur seals registration in Japan Sea in 1960-1990-th to be able to investigate the oceanological and ice factors for seasonal migration and breeding period of Fur seals on Robben island. In winter (February-March) in west part of Japan Sea these were registrated 2-frontal structure of subarctic front and main of Fur seals concentrations were considered on its west branch and north-korean front. Fur seals concentrations in Jamato area were considered on south-west brunch of subarctic front.
In spring (April-May) 2-frontal structure of subarctic front was preserved. However, warm water streams were actived from south moving by systems of streams intrusions, whirls way for 131, 134 E and termical contrasts made mutter worse for north- and south-west brunch subarctic front and primorye front. Fur seals concentrations were registrated on these parts of the front and the animals used warming favourable streams, especially to 131, 134 E, for active migration to summer habitat. Processes of Fur seal breeding on Robben island in the middle of 1960-s and 1980-s were delayed as effect wide extending ice cover and cold streams on its migrations ways.

03 THE CONDITIONS OF FORMATION OF MOST DANGEROUS CLEAR ICE DEPOSITS AT THE OKHOTSK SEA COAST.
Blokhina V.I
Far Eastern State University

From all the kinds of the land ice accretion on the Okhotsk Sea coast the most loading are caused by clear ice deposits and iced sleet. Climatic and synoptical conditions, most favourable for depositing are frequently formed in transitional seasons. In spring months (March-May) the are more often at all the stations. On the North-East and South-West coast there is f great repetition of the most dangerous ice deposits in November-December.
The intensive ice deposits as a rule are formed under the influence of cyclonic activity. It is assigned five types of cyclon� trajectory affecting to the Okhotsk Sea coast during the icing season i. e. North- Western, Western (two subtypes), South-Western and Southern ones. The average duration of the existence of different kinds of cyclon� lasts about 3 days. Maximum value of on ice deposit (up to 1.0 kg/linear metre) is observed western and South-Western cyclon�s. As it whole on the coast there were registered sizeable clear ice corresponding IV-VII areas of ice accretion calculating to aquivalentness of icing wall thickness with repetition once f 25 years. The average duration of ice incrustation varied within 8-10 hours and icing i. e. ice intact on wires within 12-19 hours. Maximum duration of icing put together 122 hours. In the most of cases considerable clear ice deposits are formed at temperature from 9 to 20C minus while wind of Eastern quarter of horizon are registered at all the stations. There is a lot of repetitions of Northern and North- Western winds on the Western and South-Western coast. About 70% of occurrences the considerable ice deposits were observed at wind speed up to 10 m/s.
04 BIO-OCEANOGRAPHIC ZONING OF THE JAPAN SEA.
Bobkov A.A.
Saint Petersberg State University, RUSSIA

Natural borders of biotopes and biocenosis of the Japan Sea revealed on the basis of different schemes of water circulation were proposed (see Fig).

Bio-oceanographic divisions of the Japan Sea.
05 THE INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY OF THE SYNOPTIC PROCESSES IN SUBARCTIC FRONTAL ZONE.
Bulatov N.V.
Pacific Research Fisheries Centre, RUSSIA

The interannual variability of the location of the Kuroshio front and its warm core rings (KWCRs) has been examined in the previous researches based on the satellite data in may when the conditions for the remote sensing were the most favorable. The remoteness of northern KWCRs from Hokkaido was examined as well.
The variability of synoptic processes: the formation and the motion of the KWCRs and also their interaction with Kuroshio are considered in this paper. In 70-es Kuroshio meandering were strong and the front of the current occupied the northern location east off Japan. The KWCRs are formed from the first (off Japan) anticyclonic meander of the current. The intensification of the Kuroshio meandering and the capture of KWCRs by anticyclonic Kuroshio meanders were observed in spring.
In 80-es the Kuroshio front occupied the southern location east off Japan. Kuroshio meandering was steady less. The KWCRs were formed from the first Kuroshio meander. But, KWCR A4-87 following by the KWCR A3-86 (86 B by foreign classification), was placing to the east off Honshu during 4 years (1987-1990). The warm core eddies moved to the east off Hokkaido along the second Kuroshio branch (145-148 E). The interaction of Kuroshio and the KWCRs occurred as warm strummers. The significant interannual differences were observated in intensification of warm intrusions (strummers) to the frontal zone (for example 1987 and 1988). The shift of the Oyashio and the Kuroshio branches westward was observed at the end of period.
In 90-s the southern location and the weak Kuroshio meandering in the south-east of Japan remained. The Oyashio and Kuroshio branches occupied the western location in most cases. The second Kuroshio meaner was more developed than the first one. The shift of anticyclonic Kuroshio meanders westward and the warm water portion entering to first Kuroshio branch were important features of that period. It was the reason of the intensification of its warm core eddies. The large eddies formation from the first Kuroshio meander were not observed.
It is supposed that large scale features of Kuroshio front and KWCRs location in mae are connected with the peculiarities of the atmospheric circulation in winter, shown in and the behaviours of the mesoscale processes - with atmospheric processes in spring. The example of 1979, 1988 and 1990 are shown.

06 SPACE AND OCEANOGRAPHICAL MONITORING OF THE KUROSHIO AND SUBARCTIC FRONT REGION IN 70-90th: SOME SCIENTIFIC RESULTS.
Bulatov N.V., Darnitskiy V.B.
Pacific Research Fisheries Centre, RUSSIA

The procedure of satellite monitoring of an ocean surface was stated earlier (Bulatov etc., 1978, Bulatov, 1984, 1990 (A, B); Bulatov etc., 1995). For a period of space observations since 1973 have been received and analyzed of a thousands snapshots. By three-diurnal smoothing of data more than 1500 charts were made with all, visual from space, properties of horizontal structure of an Subarctic Front are built.
In a band of interaction of the Kuroshio and Oyshio two fronts are usually: the Kuroshio front (Southern SubArctic) and Oyshio front (Northern SubArctic or is prime SubArctic) (Bulgakov, 1967, 1972). In eastern part of region (on 160 E.L.) frequently there is three fronts: Kuroshio front, southern salinity and northern temperature of a branch of an Subarctic Front. The analysis of the satellite images of this region shows, that each of two basic fronts, in turn, can have two or three branches being boundaries of waters with various termohaline structure. They are shaped by interaction of the Kuroshio ring with branches of the SubArctic waters (Oyasio). In process of the Kuroshio meandering and formation of warm rings in a particular period of time the front of basic current simultaneously with northern boundary of a separated vortex is shaped. Such situations exist rather long and can be considered as northern (more contrast) and southern branch of front Kuroshio. At forming cyclonic (cold) Kuroshio rings there are similar situations, but northern branch is front of basic current, and southern - front of a formative vortex.
In a frontal zone, as a rule, are watched the 1-3 warm Kuroshio rings in its each branch. On the northern rim of an anticyclonic Kuroshio meander and its warm vortexes the SubArctic waters can be spread to east, and in a rear rings - on west. Between warm rings, carrier the transformed subtropical water, the masses of the transformed subarctic waters are shaped. Northern boundary of the northern warm Kuroshio rings (to the east about Hokkaido) frequently is northern branch of an Subarctic Front, it is parts the transformed Oyashio waters from the strongly transformed Kuroshio waters. The southern boundary of the transformed subarctic waters is penetrate into rear southern warm rings or an Kuroshio anticyclonic meander, is a southern branch of an Subarctic Front.
The periodic transfrontal breaks of the subarctic waters on the south along Japan frequently give in disappearance of Northern SabArctic Front in a strip between 140-145 E.L. at about Honshu. In such case one Southern SabArctic Front or front Kuroshio is watched only. Thus there is an increasing of temperature and salinity gradient in 2 times in comparison with a two-frontal mode of frontal zone. Only sometimes the oceanographical observations were made with this phenomena have been registered (Rostov, Urasov, 1989, Darnitskyi, 1990).
The evolution of vortexes structures and Kuroshio and Oyashio branches was regularly traced during cloudless weather with the publication of fragments of topological structure of an Sabarctic Front in weekly and monthly departmental issues " Forecasts of biological circumstances on Far East basin" since 1985.
The oceanographic surveys were conducted by traditional methods in the majority by Nansen bottles series up to depths from 150-200 (small vessels) to 500-1500 m (big research vessels) in the reproduction periods of the basic fishing objects (from 1 up to 4 surveys inreproduction seasons). They were more detailed near to coast of Japan, but are less extensive, than DVNIGMI surveys under the "SECTIONS" program. These three views of space and oceanographic surveys serve good addition each other for adequate understanding of processes in NW Pacific. The analysis of these processes will be submitted in the report (Darnitskiy, Pocudov, 1997).

07 NORTH-KOREAN WATERS IN THE JAPAN SEA IN A WINTER.
Danchenkov M.A.¹, Aubrey D.G.^2

1- Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute, RUSSIA
²- Woods Hole Oceanographic institution, USA

Area (38N-42N; 127.5E-133E) of Low Salinity Water formation is investigated with the using of winter data of 1986,1990,1997. Low salinity Water is formed between two surface fronts: North-Western thermal front (Danchenkov et al., 1997) and Subarctic one. It distributes along North-western thermal front to the south-east. Water structure across the front and in vertical direction was described.

08 WATER STRUCTURE AND CURRENTS IN CENTRAL PART OF THE JAPAN SEA.
Danchenkov M.A.¹, Malakhov Yu.I.², Togawa O.^3

1- Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute, RUSSIA
²- International Science & Technology Center, RUSSIA
³- Japanese Atomic Energy Research Institute, JAPAN

Temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and pH (measured at 12 stations in the middle of the Japan Sea at May of 1999) were studied from the surface to the 2500 m. Data of temperature and salinity measured by PALACE float was used also. Water structures typical for area north of thermal front; for area south of it and for Yamato eddy were described.

09 POLYCYCLIC PROCESSES IN THE SURFACE ATMOSPHERE ABOVE THE FAR EAST SEAS.
Darnitskiy V.B., Petruk V.M.
Pacific Research Fisheries Centre, RUSSIA

The processes of the interaction in the boundary layers of ocean and atmosphere influence on the cyclic processes in the plankton ecosystems in the upper layers of the ocean (Kuderskiy etc., 1976). Therefore for study of the cyclic phenomena in the euphotic layer of the ocean ecosystem it is necessary to explore the cyclic processes in a surface atmosphere. It is known, that the atmosphere is the most changeable part of the climatic system of the Earth with the reference time of thermal adaptation of a troposphere about one month (Barridge etc., 1987). The atmosphere is characterized also by the composite system of variable alternated cycles of its various parameters (Sherstyukov etc., 1999).
For examination of the cyclic processes above the some northern and Far Eastern seas as an initial material used a data file on aggregate values for one month of a vortex of geostrophic velocity (Petruk, 1997). It was designed on the 5*10� quadrates in a department of long range forecasts of FERHRI for the period of 1947-1988 yy. The vortex of velocity reflects not only recurrence of vortex formations of miscellaneous signs, but also their intensity (Wolkov, Muha, 1991). The values of a cyclonic and anticyclonic vorticity were chosen from this data file for each quadrate entered in contours of the coast of Far East seas, and also Laptevs and Chukchi seas for a period of 41 years. Further the atmospheric cycles refluxed through the fluctuations of a vortex of velocity were picked out for each sample with the help of a spectrum analysis.
In the Laptevs and Chukchi seas for cyclones recurrence prevailing is a kvazi-2-year cycle with the decrease of its recurrence from 75 up to 67% in the eastern direction, and for anticyclones - on the contrary, with magnification of recurrence in the eastern direction from 50% in the Laptevs sea up to 75% in the Chukchi sea (Darnitskiy, Petruk, Varlamov, 1997). The multiplicity and alternation of other cycles in the both seas is various and depends both on geographical features, and from dynamics of the Circumpolar vortex.
In the Bering sea, in its western half the prevailing cycle (92%) has appeared KTY, in eastern half of the sea it was decreased up to 85% of recurrence. In the Okhotsk sea, in its northern half, KTY also predominated with the same quantity of recurrence, as well as in the western part of the Bering sea. In the southern half of the sea the KTY recurrence was decreased - up to 83%. Thus, both in the Bering and Okhotsk seas the prevailing cycles were KTY at their some asymmetry in various sectors of these seas.
In the Japan sea the prevailing cycle was also KTY, but its recurrence did not exceed 50% with the brightly expressed differentiating both in northern and southern, and in western and eastern sectors. The analysis of others observed cycles will the purpose of the report, however there is no sense to determine a statistical significance of such oscillations by a method of a spectrum analysis on the short time series.

10 THE SECULAR AIR PRESSURE VARIATIONS IN THE ATMOSPHERIC ACTION CENTERS OVER THE ASIAN-PACIFIC REGION.
Dashko N.A.¹, Smolyankina T.V.^2

1- Far Eastern State Technical Fisheries University, RUSSIA
²- Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute, RUSSIA

The mean pressure in centers of climatic barometric minimums for 1961-1990 decreased on a comparison with two previous periods (1901-1930 and 1931-1960). In the same time the pressure in centers of climatic barometric maximums increased. These changes are especially noticeable for winter AAC (Asian High and Aleutian Low) where the pressure changes (increase or decrease) were about 0.9-1.1 hPa per 10 years. However from the end of 1970-th - beginning of the 1980-th the tendency inverse to the secular was observed for all AAC. It is the tendency for the filling up of the Aleutian and Asian Lows and weakening of the Asian and Hawaiian Highs as a phase of the global wavelike pressure variations.
To analyze the intensity of large scale regional atmospheric processes, the macro-scale barometric gradients were used as a difference of air pressure between the centers of the seasonal AAC divided to the distance between them in degrees of a longitude. Its time variations in winter do not show significant secular tendency, however for the last 20 years the significant decrease of a gradient take place (-1.5 hPa per 10 degrees for 10 years). Summer macro-scale barometric gradient shows a significant positive secular trend (0.04 hPa per 10 degrees for 10 years), however in the last decades the descending phase of a wavelike variations of the summer macro-scale barometric gradient take place (with the slope approximately -0.2 hPa per 10 degrees for 10 years). The similar variations were observed in the 1930-th - 1940-th as in a warm period for the Northern Hemisphere.

11 FEATURES OF THE SURFACE CIRCULATION IN THE NORTHWESTERN JAPAN SEA FROM ERS SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR DATA.
Dubina V., Lobanov V.B. Mitnik L.M.
Pacific Oceanological Institute, RUSSIA

Sharp shelf rise, variable current and wind fields together with indented mountain coast line are responsible for complicated circulation of the Japan Sea. About 60 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images obtained from the European Research satellites ERS-1 and ERS-2 were used to reveal fine scale and mesoscale features of oceanic and atmospheric phenomena in northwestern part of the Japan Sea. A size of an image is 100 km x 100 km with a spatial resolution of about 25 m. The images had been acquired in March - October 1991, 1995, and 1997-1999. The brightness variations of SAR image are determined by the physical properties of sea surface, first of all � by small-scale roughness. In turn, the spectrum of small-scale surface waves depends on characteristics of surface wind, currents, concentration of the natural films. The imprints of the eddy structures, frontal zones, upwellings, internal waves, and also diversified atmospheric phenomena were registered on the SAR images. Interpretation of radar signatures was confirmed by their comparison with the NOAA AVHRR images, weather maps, ship measurements and bathymetric maps. The SAR images have allowed us to reveal structure of water circulation in a range from hundreds meters to several kilometers. Dynamic oceanic features were detected both at strong and weak sea surface temperature contrasts, at cloud and cloudless conditions. The main attention was given to the analysis of SAR images of the Peter the Great Bay and area south of it where individual eddies the size of 5-6 km and eddy chains were revealed.

12 THE POLAR FRONT AREA WATERS VARIATION IN THE WESTERN SEA OF JAPAN ACCORDING TO SHIP�S DATA.
Dyakov B.S.
Pacific Research Fisheries Centre, RUSSIA

The seasonal changes of spatial T,S - structure of Polar fronts waters in the western part of the Japan Sea in 1993-1996 are considered. TINRO-centre, FERHRI ship's observations for sea water temperature and salinity at the oceanographic section along 132 E (43.0-35.5 N) up to 200-1500 m depth in have been used. In winter and in spring the Polar front had two branches: the north - western (NWB) and the south - western (SWB). In summer the front was destroyed. NWB and SWB of the Polar front were found out T,S-curves. In autumn the Polar front was restored. The anticyclonic eddies with horizontal sizes of 60-80 miles, vertical - 500 (August), 900 (November) and 1300 (February and June) are marked out in the frontal zone. The eddies accumulated low - salted water in autumn and winter (especially in winter) and high - salted - in summer (Fig. A). In winter the surface waters of relatively low salinity lowered down to 75 - 175 and 220 - 320 m before NWB and in interfrontal zone of the Polar front. There they formed core of low-salinity waters. These nucleus were spreaded towards the south along the halocline up to the Tsushima current front (Fig. B).

Water temperature and salinity at 132E section.
13 LONG-TERM PHYSICAL-STATISTICAL METHOD OF THE FORECAST OF MOLLUSKS� YIELD OF MARINE FARMS.
Gayko L.A.
Institute of Marine Biology, RUSSIA

Planned yield is very important for normal performance of sea farms. In this work the method of the long-term forecast of efficiency mollusks (exemplified by the Japanese scallop) is develop. The data on yield marine shell for Experimental Sea Base �Possyet� (where the Japanese scallop is grown from 1970 to 1990) were used in this article.
At development of a method of the forecast the data on yield marine shell were used as predictante. The term �yield� stands for a unit quantity or the density of scallop spat which settled on collectors and is expressed in specimens per square meter of collector (specimens/m² and individ/m²). Various abiotic facts we used as predictors.
The scheme of the long-range prognosis of production is the stablest, when it is multileveled, that is, accounts for simultaneous states of the underlying surface, tropospheric circulation, stratospheric circulation or helic physical factors. That is why as predictors we used such parameters as temperature and salinity of the surface water level, the cumulative temperature and salinity of sea water, with regard to various stages of the life cycle of cultivated mollusks, the duration of ice period, air temperature, wind velocity, precipitation, atmospheric pressure, weather type, the forms of atmospheric circulation, type of synoptic processes, position and intensity of circumpolar eddy described (the Pestereva complex index), sun shine duration, solar activity (Wolf numbers), solar and lunar eclipses.
The results displayed that selection information predictors at a given level of the significance is made, block diagram of the forecast is developed, in which separate forecasting trend and casual making efficiency seaside shell is provided. At first time the linear discriminant analysis applied for forecasting of marine shell productivity. The circuits of the forecast with various time (from 9 till 1 months) are obtained. The rules static and dynamic complication of the forecast are developed. The results permit to hope on that the given method will use in practice.

14 ANALYSIS OF MANY-YEAR FLUCTUATIONS OF WATER AND AIR TEMPERATURES IN PETER THE GREAT BAY (SEA OF JAPAN).
Gayko L.A.
Institute of Marine Biology, RUSSIA

The variation of the hydrometeorological regime of the coastal waters of Peter the Great Bay has been analyzed. The data of long-term observations of coastal hydrometeorological stations (HMS) of the State Network of the Hydrometeorological Service (from 1882 to 1998) have been used.
The results provide statistical characteristics of the average multiannual water and air temperatures at the HMS. The analysis of interannual variations of the temperature regime of coastal waters in the Peter the Great Bay allows us to single out and to assess climatic trends in the distribution of water and air temperatures, and also in the distribution of temperatures during the warm and cold seasons, and the monthly distribution of water and air temperatures. The temperature regime of waters in Peter the Great Bay is influenced both by climatic and advective factors. The variations in the regime between the southeastern and southwestern parts of the Bay are observed, but no differences in air masses temperatures are registered. Year-to-year fluctuations of both water and air temperatures are synchronous.
The results obtained in this work witness to variation of the climatic regime in the northwestern Sea of Japan.

15 THE DISTRIBUTION PECULIARITY OF RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION IN BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF CHAZMA BAY AND AJACENT AREA OF JAPAN SEA. THE RADIATING SITUATION FORECAST.
Goryachev V.A.¹, Sergeev A.F.¹, Soyfer V.N.¹, Gladkih R.V.¹, Svininikov A.I.¹, Isaeva A.A.¹, Kovalevskaya A.M.², Dudarev O.V.¹, Astakhov A.S.^1

1- Pacific Oceanological Institute, RUSSIA
²- Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, RUSSIA

The results of investigation radioactive pollution of the Chazma bay and adjacent part of the Strelok gulf are discussed. The radionuclides distribution in the bottom sediments of the bay and gulf, estimation of the inventory and intensity outflow of the radioactivity; composition, structure and activity of "hot" particles, the radioactivity and fractions composition of sediments are presented. Main pollution there is Co-60 and Cs-137.
In the bottom sediments of the Strelok gulf the radionuclide contents does not exceed 50-100 Bq/kg. The saved Co-60 quantity in the gulf deposits is about 11% from an incidents inventory. In the case of complete washing of the sediments in the Chazma bay the quantity Co-60 in the Strelok gulf will not exceed 21%.
The relation between radioactivity and physical properties of the bottom sediments are presented. The radioactivity measurement results of different fractions sediments from underwater trace are discussed. The dissolved and weighed forms of the radionuclid distributions in the bay's water are established. The increase of the radioactive flow with a suspension from winter to summer is revealed, it is connected with changing of hydrological conditions in the bay's water.
The results of researches allow to conclude, that in the Chazma bay the localization of a radio-activity takes place at weak outflow it from a bay and insignificant pollution of adjacent water area. The outflow there is accompanied by a fractionation process of radioactive pollution carriers and their natural bury up again.
On the basis of estimations of a common radioactive pollution of and the outflow intensity from the bay the prediction of a radiating situation change are made. The achievement times of a threshold level pollution in a bay are from 8 till 110 years. The time, for which the common Co-60 inventory in the Chazma bay will decrease up to 1% from observable now, are about 30 years.

16 EXPLORATION OF THE NON-CONSERVATIVE CONDITION OF POLLUTANTS IN NATURAL WATER.
Gramm-Osipova V., Kiselev D.
Far Eastern State University, RUSSIA

The normative index of maximum allowable discharge of pollutants is used in the control of ecological state of aqueous objects. The non-conservative of the pollutants is taken into account at the stage of maximum allowable discharge computation by introduction of the non-conservative coefficient in the calculation formulas. The non-conservative substances that enter the aqueous objects undergo chemical changes, lead to decrease in their concentrations (in most cases), i.e., to the self-purification of pools. To compute the non-conservative coefficient, one must have data on the temporal change of the concentration of the substances under the conditions of the process that governs the self-purification (e.g., biochemical destruction).
In the presented paper the experiments on determination of non-conservative pollutant behavior in natural, sea and river waters are described. The non-conservative coefficient for fenols, detergents, oil products, different nitrogen types, phosphates, and dissolved organic substances are determined in the coastal zone of the Amursky Bay of the Japan Sea. The Vladivostok sewages that are discharged into the Amursky Bay are not treated, and the control of its ecological state is very important.

17 HYDROLOGY OF PETER THE GREAT BAY IN SPRING.
Karnaukhov A.A.
Pacific Oceanological Institute, RUSSIA

The results of expedition on R/V " Pavel Gordienko " on research of a shelf of Peter the Great gulf in spring of 1999 are discussed. The special attention is given to distribution of the bottom waters winter conventional of an origin. Is judged the insignificant contribution last on ventilation of deep waters of the Japan Sea.

18 THE TIDE INFLUENCE ON HYDROLOGY OF THE SHELF AREAS.
Karnaukhov A.A.
Pacific Oceanological Institute, RUSSIA

The influence having tide on a field of temperature and salinity in shelf zones of the seas is considered. Very much frequently space of measurement in these areas display temporary variability caused having tide by the phenomena.

19 UNUSUAL MORPHOLOGICAL ANOMALIES OF CHAETOGNATHA IN PLANKTONIC ECOSYSTEM FROM CHAZMA BAY OF THE JAPAN SEA.
Kasatkina A.P., Goryachev V.A., Sergeev A.F.
Pacific Oceanological Institute, RUSSIA

The plankton samples selected in December 1999 in a zone of radioactive pollution in Chazma bay affected to radiating failure in 1985 are analyzed. The selection is carried out in a zone of explosion and above the average part of a underwater radioactive trace in various time of day and phases of the tide. The bay is characterized by weak dynamics of waters and moderate technogenic by loading tested from presence of floating docks and piers. Radiating conditions is characterized by change of density of radioactive pollution of bottom deposits from 4.7´ 107 Bq/m² (all a radioactivity are given on 1998) in zone of explosion till 1.8-2.9 ´ 104 Bq/m² in the upper part and in the lower part of a bay. The specific activity Co-60, being basic pollutant (~ 99%) reaches: in bottom deposits - 15´ 106 Bq/kg; in silts water - 4´ 105 Bq/m³; in sea water - 1.3-6.4 Bq/m³; in a suspension - 27-1200 Bq/kg. The carrier of Co-60 are "hot" particles reaching the size 2 mm, weight 4.5 mg, activity 6´ 104 Bq, and having a density 4.9 g/sm³.
The fixing in 4% formaldegid animals was studied from plankton samples. Numerous plankton animals anomalies was discovered. This animals anomalies belong to Chaetognatha exclusively. Morphological chaetognatha anomalies was another than one was studied from volcanic bays and geophysical activity regions, and one from antropogenic pollution regions, having heavy metal and oil pollution. A correlation between anomalies and healthy animals was investigated, it was 50% nearly.
The experiments on influence of radiation on Chaetognatha animals are carried out. It is suppose that probably morphological Chaetognatha anomalies in Chazma bay is a result of influence of a radioactive pollution in this area.

20 SOME ASPECTS OF ECOLOGICAL SITUATION IN AREA OF PETROLEUM DEPOSITS EXPLORATION IN SAKHALINE SHELF WATER: PRIMARY PRODUCTION.
Kovalevskaya A.M.
Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, RUSSIA

Primary production was measured with the help of radiocarbon method in area of drilling works on the petroleum deposit Arcutun-Dagi of the North-East Sakhaline shelf. The data about primary production were collected from 3 stations, located near drilling plant. On each of these stations the results of vertical distribution of active phytoplankton on 5 levels from surface of water to bottom was obtained.
Primary production in the period of observation (early autumn) was yet sufficiently high and varied from 0.28 to 0.8 g C m-2d-1. The highest possible values of primary production was observed from the surface of water to depth of 10 m. On the depth below 20 m near to lower limit of euphotic zone the intenciveness of photosynthesis was reducing to 0 - 7% of its values at the surface.
The comparation of this values with early data, obtained in the same area before beginning the drilling works, give the possibility to estimate the variation in the ecological conditions of the area testified. The data of primary production, obtained in the end of october 1994 on 8 stations, vary from 0.22 to 0.65 g C m-2d-1. The comparation of averaged data of primary production - 0.44 g C m-2 d-1 (october 1994) and 0.55 g C m-2d-1 (september 1997) in present investigation don�t allow to do the conclusion about the degradation of environment near the drilling plant.
Nevertheless the method of determination of primary production must to become imprescriptible element of marine environmental control under the condition of beginning development of oil shelf deposits for presentation of entering into water toxic pollutants, destructive for phytoplankton - the first link of trophic chain.

21 TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS OVER THE KURIL ISLANDS.
Krivenko B.P.¹, Shatilina T.A.^2

1- Far Eastern State University, RUSSIA
²- Pacific Research Fisheries Centre, RUSSIA

Revealing latent periodicitis in temporal lines of meteorological values is of considerable interest as from the point of research of frequent structure of these lines as from the position of forecast of different processes in the atmosphere and in the ocean.
This article reveals some periodical variations on the base of spectral analysis of mean ten-day periods and average month meanings of meteorological values (water- and air temperature, general cloudness, wind-velocity, atmosphere pressure) at some meteorological stations of the Kurils Ridge.
In high frequent part of spectrum all the above said values except general cloudiness are characterized by variations with periods of 25-30 and 50-60 days. For air temperature are characterized by variation with periods of 120 days. In low frequent of spectrum all the above values are characterized by variations with period of one year. For water- and air temperature and atmosphere pressure semi-year and five-year cycles are assigned rather distinctly. Besides in changing of water temperature quasi two-year variations are noticed rather clearly. The revealed periodical variations of all the meteorological values are registered synchronously all over the research area.

22 THE PRECIPITATION REGIME OVER THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST IN LAST 50 YEARS: ESTIMATING OF TEMPORAL VARIABILITY WITH HELP OF NONPARAMETRIC APPROACH.
Krokhin V.V.
Far Eastern regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute, RUSSIA

For the first time a comparative analysis of series over the southern territory of the Russian Far East monthly sums of precipitation for the warm period (April - October) from 1949 to 1996 is carried out with help of the one-dimensional, nonparametric Kendall�s test for monotonous trends and method one-dimensional rank Theil�s regression.
The estimation of the linear trends by the least squares method leads to overestimate of parameter of an inclination linear trend by absolute meaning approximately of 10%. The nonparametric approach is more realistic takes into account asymmetry of an empirical cumulative distribution function of the monthly precipitation totals.
The analysis has shown that on a hum noise of considerable interannual oscillations the separate significant linear trends exist. The Kendall�s test has revealed only 2% of stations with positive and 2% of stations with negative trend. Theil�s test has revealed 7% of stations with negative trend and 5% with positive trend. However all significant trends, which were found with help of Kendall�s test, are part of Theil�s test results.
Scattering of the founded trends in space and in time does not allow to speak about existence steady areas with significant trends of the monthly precipitation totals. The large spatial-temporary scattering of the detected trends is an evidence that large-scale regions with steady trends are not existing for long time (more then one month). In common, analysis showed that for the study period (1949-1996) the significant changes of the precipitation regime were not registered. So, we can believe that the large interannual changing of monthly precipitation totals is a main part of common variability and global climatic trends endow only small part to common variability. Also the given fact have been noted in works N. Tase, S. Nakagawa (1990), J. Matsumoto, H. Yanagimachi (1991), Th. Gan (1995), N. Dashko, S. Varlamov, Y. Ho Han, Y. Seup Kim (1997).

23 COASTAL PLANKTON OF PETER THE GREAT BAY (SEA OF JAPAN) UNDER CONDITIONS OF POLLUTION.
Kulikova V.A., Omelyanenko V.A., Propp L.N.
Institute of Marine Biology, RUSSIA

The state of meroplankton in polluted areas of Peter the Great Bay was studied during the summer and autumn from 1995 to 1999. The study has shown that there are no any considerable variations in meroplankton abundance and species diversity among areas with different level of pollution. The concentration of pollutants in the water column, except surface and bottom water layers, was lower than harmful levels for meroplankton. Besides, contamination of a water area is not necessarily consistent and larvae migrating in the water column have a chance to survival. Thus, in Nakhodka Bay due to the transport by currents high abundance of larvae of filter-feeding molluscs and echinoderms was observed even over the most polluted bottom areas. In a bight of Vostok Bay with high species diversity despite considerable contamination total density of meroplankton varied from 4000 to 16000 individuals/m³ at different stations, often being higher than in clean waters. In shallow water of Amursky Bay, close to Vladivostok, experiencing high antropogenous pressure the total density of meroplankton in summer was 12000-14000 individuals/m³. Similar data on the abundance of larval plankton were obtained for rather clean areas of Peter the Great Bay.
Rather high number of pelagic larvae even over extremely polluted bottom areas testifies to the high reproductive potential of contaminated areas and that if they are purified either naturally or by humans the degraded bottom communities will recover.

24 DIAGNOSIS OF KUROSHIO STATES DURING 1980-1991.
Kuzin V.I.¹, Nelezin A.D.², Man'ko A.N.^3

1- Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics, RUSSIA
²- Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute, RUSSIA

The observational data were obtained in 40 oceanographic cruises made by the FERHRI vessels during the period 1980-1990. The data measurements were interpolated to the regular 1/3 deg. greed and reaching the depth of 1500 m. The main goal of analysis is to study the difference of the hydrological fields for two states of the Kuroshio current. These characteristics are as follows: heat content for different zones, potential vorticity distribution, major factors for the T & S fields, etc. Additionally, the pressure tendency and omega equations were analysed on the basis of the geostrophic velocities.

25 EPIBIONTS OF THE JAPANESE SCALLOP IN A POLLUTED AREA OF AMURSKII BAY, SEA OF JAPAN.
Levenetz I.R., Ovsyannikova I.I.
Institute of Marine Biology, RUSSIA

The species composition and quantitative distribution of epibionts on both surfaces of the Japanese scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis have been studied from 1982 to 1994. Scallops were sampled from one of the most polluted areas near Vladivostok. Over the observation period, less tolerant epibionts were gradually replaced by species which are highly resistant to silting and organic pollution. The polychaetes Hydroids ezoensis and Polydora spp., actinia Metridium senile fimbriatum, algae Laminaria japonica, Ulva fenestrata, Ulvaria splendens, Polysiphonia morrowi, Platythamnion yessoense and bivalve Arca boucardi appeared to be tolerant to pollution. Three species of Cirripedia barnacles - Hesperibalanus hesperius, Balanus crenatus and Balanus rostratus - which dominated the epibiosis of M. yessoensis during 1982-1987, occurred in small numbers in 1993-1994. At present the epibiotic communities are unstable.

26 PHENOMENON OF THE POLYMODALITY OF LAWS OF DISTRIBUTION OF THE MAXIMUM DAILY AMOUNT OF RAINFALL.
Lobanov S.A.
Dal RosNIIVH, RUSSIA

Is designed method of evaluation of the poly-modality of laws of distribution of the random values. The Author got a formula of probability of casual appearance of poly-modal laws in suggestion, that true law of distribution is one-modal. This formula has allowed to calculate probability of appearance of empirical poly-modal laws of distribution of the maximum daily amount of rainfall on example of 50 meteorological stations of Primorye region. This probability less 0.05 for 75% meteorological stations. Events with such probability belong to practically impossible category. Consequently, appearance of empirical poly-modal laws of distribution of the maximum daily amount of rainfall is not play of the case, but unfabled phenomena.
Probably, poly-modality of this laws is defined by known poly-modal laws of meteorological of elements: of velocities of zonal carry of atmosphere, of seasonal temperatures of air, of the heights of H500 surface of atmosphere.

27 CLIMATIC STRUCTURE OF WATER MASSES IN THE JAPAN SEA.
Luchin V.A., Man�ko A.N.
Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute, RUSSIA

For the work all available deep sea oceanographic observations of the Russian Institutions and data from S. Levitus� Atlas (1994) and JODC have been used. The total number of stations is about 140 thousand. The hydrographic (temperature and salinity) data collected during the period from 1900 to 1999 were analyzed and classified in time (by months) and space (trapeze of 1 degree). To distinguish the Japan Sea water mass the statistical TS-analysis method was applied
General water masses of the Japan Sea were determined according to climatic data. There were specified their characteristics, including the most probable quantities of temperature and salinity estimated as well as limits of their variability. Vertical extension of determined water masses was distinguished. In the active layer the seasonal variations of the water mass characteristics were been estimated.

28 VARIABILITY OF LOCAL BACKGROUND METAL LEVELS IN FUCUS EVANESCENS (PHAEOPHYTA)
OF KURIL ISLANDS.
Malinovskaya T.M.
Institute of Marine Biology, RUSSIA

Biomonitoring of heavy metal pollution of Russian Far Eastern Seas using brown algae is carry out during last 20 years. The background metal levels in seaweeds are revealed, and main factors controlled the metal concentrations in shallow zone are determined.
An analysis of data about heavy metal contents in Fucus evanescense from Kurile Islands coastal waters allowed to reveal the geographic variance of local background levels for individual elements. The least concentrations of Fe reflected a surface runoff influence was found in the seaweeds from small islands in the middle part of the Kurile range. This fact apparently is connected with irregularity of particulate material distribution in coastal waters of Kurile Islands which reflected the peculiarity of geological structure and coast morphology of islands.
The relief of new volcanic islands in a middle part of range is faintly changed by water and winter erosion, a permanent water streams are absent, therefore a value of surface runoff is not considerable. The more ancient large islands in the end parts of range have a powerful weathering crust and developed river network. It results to increasing of particulate material content in water and accumulation of Fe in the inhabitants.
Zone of minimum influence of land runoff is the are of maximum influence of upwelling which is displayed in high concentrations of Cd, Ni and Zn in seaweeds. Presence of upwelling in this area is confirmed by data about low temperature and high concentrations of biogenous elements in surface waters of middle part of Kurile range.
Thus, our results testify about necessity of taking into consideration the natural differences of local background levels of pollutants in possessing of environment condition estimation.

29 DISTRIBUTION OF SOME COPEPODA SPECIES OF COLD WATER OCEAN COMPLEX IN THE SOUTHWEST PART OF PETER THE GREAT BAY IN SUMMER AND FALL, 1996 � 1997.
Marfel J., Shkoldina L.
Pacific Oceanological Institute, RUSSIA

The material of research is the test sampled during complex expeditions on R/V "Lugovoye" in the southwest part of Peter the Great Bay (the Sea of Japan) in 1996 - 1997. Plankton catches were total (bottom - 0), made by the Juday net. In these tests crustaceans of all copepods stages of the following six species: Calanus glacialis Jasnov, 1955; Neocalanus cristatus (Kroer, 1848); Neocalanus plumhrus s. l. (Marukava, 1921); Eucalanus bungii Jounson, 1938; Pareuchaeta japonica (Marukava, 1921); Metridia pacifica, 1950 were proposed. In total 17898 individuals of copepods were processed.
In these species were similarly in stacie arrangement - all of them lived mainly about or sea the 50 m isobathic curve, which is caused by lowest water temperature layer localization. This condition is necessary for their existence in summer. In July three species (Neocalanus plumhrus, Metridia pacifica and Eucalanus bungii) have a more extensive stacie due to distribution on a shallow area.
In the beginning of summer specimens of younger and average copepod stages were met, except for Metridia pacifica whose adult specimens occurred the whole season. Throughout the whole summer specimens of 3 - 4 stages of development dominated. In october some adult specimens of 6-th stage appeared and no 1-st stage copepods, which occurred is due to their development cycle.
All abovespecified species of the southwestern part of Peter the Great Bay are of only boreal genesis which testifies to the presence of the Primorye tidal current in these waters.

30 THE TRANSFORMATION OF ADMIXTURE IN THE FAR EASTERN SEA WATER.
Mishanina E.I.
Far Eastern State University, RUSSIA

The transformation of admixture in sea water greatly depends on the whirl structure of water dynamics. The structure the whirl movement itself depends upon turbulent processes both vertically and horizontally.
We have made an attempt to reckon coefficients of turbulence based on natural observations of temperature and saltiness. Based on this it was reckoned the transformation of any additive from a spot source. Changeableness of coefficients of turbulent exchange both horizontally and vertically for 2 grades leads to sufficient qualitative variations also to washing a substance as natural as antropogenous causes. The record of steady currents as compared with turbulent exchange gave no qualitative changes.

31 MONITORING OF CURRENTS IN WESTERN ALEUT STRAITS.
Moroz V.V., Polyakova A.M.
Pacific Oceanological Institute, RUSSIA

The study deals with investigation of the seasonal variability of the West Aleut Straits zone. It used the mathematical model with a self-similar density parameterization. The model takes into account the atmospheric circulation variability and bottom topography. Some features in the integral circulation change and in the Bering Sea water exchange with the Pacific ocean through the straits for different seasons have been found. The integral water discharges through the straits are given.

32 SPACE STRUCTURES OF FRONTS AND EDDIES OF THE JAPAN SEA IN THE 90-S BY SATELLITE DATA.
Nikitin A.A.
Pacific Research Fisheries Centre, RUSSIA

Researches of thermal fronts and eddies in the Japan Sea are of significant interest both of scientific practical points of view. To the present time a certain volume of knowledge on the basic features of a hydrological condition of the Japan Sea (Uda, 1934; Suda K.,1934; Istoshin, 1960; Yarichin, 1980, Isoda Y.S. et al., 1991; Danchenkov et al., 1997) is saved up.
For this aim the archives of the 52 AVHRR IR images for 1989-1999 from NOAA polar orbiting satellites both in high (HRPT) and low (APT) resolution modes were analysed. To confirm the subsatellite supervision there were used the hydrological sections on 132 � and 132 20 E and some hydrological surveys. These years are referred to warm years [Ponomarev et fl., 1997].
For 90 years the basic ways of subtropical waters transport to the north in western Japan Sea, were connected with the East-Korean current, vertical way on 131 E and chain of eddies located lengthways 133-134 E. The horizontal sizes of anticyclonic eddies made 30-60 miles, vertical - 1500 � (depth of sounding). Two kinds of eddies were observed. Some eddies transported warm and low salt water. Another eddies transferred warm waters, but of high salt. The greatest speeds were marked in the north periphery of anticyclonic eddies.
The subarctic front was finally formed at the end of winter, it was clearly observed at the hydrophysical parameters and it was two-frontal. In spring the main characteristic of two-frontal of subarctic front were kept. In March, in connection with warm waters entering from the south areas through a system of streamers the vortex ways start exhibited contrastly on the satellite images of sea surface. As the result there is peaking thermal contrasts especially at the northwest branch of an arctic front. In summer as a result of a radiation warming of the whole sea surface sea the temperature contrasts considerably decay though thermal fronts become expressed weakly. Besides their detection on the satellite IR images is handicapped by a cloud cover and high damp of atmosphere. The subarctic front was destroyed, but its manifestation was marked in the upper quasi-homogeneous layer and below seasonal thermocline. In autumn there was the process of subarctic front formation. In the connection anticyclonic eddies and subarctic front. Front is proposed to be of wave (climatic) and discrete character.
The greatest vertical extent of northwest and southwest branches of the subarctic front was observed the winter and early spring.

33 RESEARCH OF CICLONIC GYRE LOCATED SOUTH WARDS OFF VLADIVOSTOK BY SATELLITE DATA.
Nikitin A.A
Pacific Research Fisheries Centre, RUSSIA

The region of the lowered temperatures (cold area) is formed as a result of negative northern winds (south west off Vladivostok) in autumn in a northwest part of the Japan sea. This region is distributed to the south, southwest and southeast down to 40 N. In the south it is limited by the northwest branch of the subarctic front. The research of this phenomenon has both theoretical and practical importance. For fish branch the observed phenomenon is a key one especially for understanding the ecology of hydrobionts, inhabiting these and adjacent waters.
On the first scheme of currents (Uda, 1934) south wards off from Vladivostok we see cyclonic gyre. The diameter of this whirlwind makes about 120-130 �l. On the following gyre [Leonov, 1948; Sizova, 1961; Pokudov et al., 1975; Naganuma, 1972] this gyre was also marked. In this place in winter it appears acolum of cold and salt (salinity above 34.04 about o/��) water, in the center of which it occurs a powerful upwelling, and in peripheries � subsidence of surface waters. Dense intermediate water is formed there, and it is distributed along the front and deepens into the subsurface layers [Danchenkov et al, 1996]. For this aim the archives of the 52 AVHRR IR images received during 1979-1999 from NOAA polar orbiting satellites both in high (HRPT) and low (APT) resolution modes were analysed. As the subsatellite supervision of the hydrological sections on 132 � and 132 20 E and some hydrological surveys were used.
At satellite images this region of cold waters is also marked as a large cyclonic vortex. Just in autumn, as a result of the northern winds driving together action at IR-images this formation is well fixed. At the coast happens upwelling of cold subsurface waters. During some years they are able to be distributed up to 39N, but it occurs only between 132-133 E. In the west this gyre is limited by a chain of vortices along 131�, and in the east by a vortex street along 134 �. Thus, this gyre is limited by anticyclonic eddies, especially it is characteristic for warm years 1995, 1996, 1997 and 1999. In cold years (winter, 1986) the region of cold waters spreaded not only between 132-134 �, but also along the coasts of the southern Primorye and Korea. In January - February, 1986 it was rather cold. The increase of regions closed by ices (down to 40 N) was marked. As a result of which front was removed to the south up to 40 N.

34 ON ONTERDEPENDENCE OF OCEANOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN THE JAPAN SEA AND ADJACENT AREAS.
Nikitin A.A., Shatilina T.A., Dyakov B.S.
Pacific Research Fisheries Centre, RUSSIA

Some explorers were engaged in studying the problem of interdependence of oceanological processes in the Japan and Okhotsk Seas and adjacent part of Pacific ocean [Okamoto, 1938; Istoshin, 1947; Davidov, 1984]. It has bath theoretical and practical value. For fish branch the interdependence contingency of processes is a key problem and especially for comprehension the ecology of hydrobionts inhabiting these waters.
The attempt of the solution of this problem is made on the basis of the long-term stored data with usage of statistical methods of the analysis. The long-term data on inshore GMS are used: Cape Zolotoy (1940-1995), Holmsk (1913-1995), Kurilsk (1961-1994), Uzhno- Kurilsk (1961-1994); data on the Antonovskiy section (1924-1992) and areas occupied by cold waters of Oyasio near Tohoku (141-148 �; 36-43 N) for 1961-1992, taken from activity Yoshida is works (1994).
It is shown that near the continental coast of Primorye the trend of warming observed. In offshore areas of western Sakhalin, in the south-western part of the Okhotsk Sea and Uzhno- Kurilsk region the trend is not revealed. Mean temperature of water in a layer of 0-200 m inn Antonovskiy section was lowered. From the Pacific parts of Japan the area of cold waters was increased. The correlation relation between temperature of water for continental coast of Primorye, western Sakhalin, south-western part of the Okhotsk Sea and Uzhno- Kurilsk islands is absent. The greatest relation is marked between temperature of water on GMS Mombetsu, Kurilsk and Uzhno- Kurilsk in August (0, 70- 0, 80).

35 MIXING OF RIVER AND MARINE WATER BY A METHOD OF PHYSICO CHEMICAL SIMULATION.
Obolochkova E.N., Gramm-Osipova V.N., Gramm-Osipov L.M.
Far Eastern State University, RUSSIA

The form of existence of main ions of principal salt composition in the river water, sea water and in the marginal filter was calculated by creation of ion-associative model. Modeling was carried out with help of program complex "Selector" by method of minimization of Gibbs's energy. Modern data on thermodynamic and apparent constants of complex stability, activity coefficients and concentrations are used in this paper.
The work was carried out for the river - sea area model. The Japan sea (The Amur Bay) and the largest river in the Primorye - Rasdolnaya was used as a model. This area is characterized by a strong anthropogenic influence. The stable composition has been calculated on the basis of the major ions, biogenic substances dissolved gases. Atmospheric influence on the system was also taken into account.
Constructed models show quantity and quality difference in the forms of elements in natural waters of different compositions. It was investigated the change such physicochemical characteristic as ��, Eh, I.
The physic-chemical simulation of the process of merging of waters of a various nature with use of the device of chemical thermodynamics is executed. In result the derivation of a geochemical barrier is installed and the valuation of change of the physic-chemical forms of migration of main components of water of such merging is given.

36 TEN-YEARS VARIABILITY OF BIVALVIA TAXON IN THE COASTAL ZONE OF PETER THE GREAT BAY.
Oleynik E.V.¹, Moschenko A.V.^2

1- Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute, RUSSIA
²- Institute of Marine Biology, RUSSIA

Bivalvia taxon in Amursky, Ussurisky and Golden Horn bays of Peter the Great Bay is being in center of this paper. Variability of quantitative characteristics (number of species, biomass, abundance and index of species diversity Shennon-Viner) of this benthos taxon for 10 years (from 1979 till 1988) under influence of anthropogenic factor is observed. With this aim data are examined in presence of �trends� and seasonal variability with using of computer program MESOZAVR 1.0. The result is painting of graphical lines, which show tendency in changing of ecological situation for Bivalvia taxon at studding segment of time by theirs directions. As main conclusion of working we haven't detected stable trend of decreasing of quantitative characteristics for Bivalvia taxon.

37 ABNORMAL PHENOMENON IN ZOOPLANKTON IN NORTH-WEST PART OF THE SEA OF JAPAN.
Pantelyeva L.N.¹, Kasatkina A.P.¹, Pantelyev E.V.², Yurasov G.I.², Pogodin A.G.^1

1- Pacific Oceanological Institute; RUSSIA
²- Institute of Marine Biology, RUSSIA

Numerous appearance of plankton anomalies was described. This phenomenon is expansive last years. The data of there taxonomy and distributions in north-west part of Japanese Sea are considered. The fixing in 4% formaldehyde animals was studied from plankton samples. A correlation between anomalies and healthy animals was investigated.
The areas of intensive anthropogenic impact and the areas without anthropogenic trend and the geophysical active area were inspected. This phenomenon is expansive last years only. The individual cases of occurrence of the abnormal animals in a plankton of the seas and oceans were transformed into the last years into the mass phenomenon from an opened part of the Japanese Sea water.
As a result of research the most mass zoo- and phytoplankton groups was found out, that there are many anomalies in oikopleurida, copepods and chaetognatha, but the abnormal changes of phytoplankton
was not found out. Most large percent of the abnormal chaetognathen animals in plankton samples from an opened part of the Japanese Sea was observed up to 70%.
The suppose was done that the numerous anomalies appearance in a plankton is a result the increase of Earth geophysical activity.
The chronology analysis of abnormal animals in plankton shows: the source, causing of plankton anomalies is on a large depth the most probable.

38 ABOUT UNUSUAL HYDROLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN ANADYR GULF IN 1999.
Pavlichev V.P., Petruk V.M.
Pacific Research Fisheries Centre, RUSSIA

Water circulation and thermohaline condition in Anadyr gulf are analyzed on the basis of materials of the complex expedition on RV �TINRO�, carried out in September - October, 1999. Taking into account that fact, that the rather regular observations over the water regime in a gulf are conducted since 1994, the data on interannual variability of hydrological conditions are resulted in this work.
As have shown observations, entering of rather warm and salty waters on a shelf î of Anadyr gulf occurs not only with Navarin current, but also other flows, namely, through Navarin canyon, first of all, and in the separate periods - much to the east. Obviously, it is observed , when Navarin current is weakened, and on its ways there is a current of a southern direction departing from Navarin anticyclone.
Most cold on water temperature there were 1994 and 1999. At the same years waters on depth 50 m had considerably lower salinity in comparison with multiyear average meanings. 1997 was the warmest for last 6 years. Data of 1999 confirm the made earlier conclusion that the tendency of general water cooling was planned since 1998 in Anadyr gulf. Abnormal cooling in 1999 is explained by weakening of Navarin current and wide development of Anadyr anticyclone, within the limits of which cold waters are distributed. If in the warmest 1997 the area of waters with negative temperature near the bottom made only 1.3 thousand km.2, in 1999 it reached 58.7 thousand km.2. The bottom temperature to the south from 63 N between 179-176 W was on 1.5-2.5�C below in 1999 than in 1998.
In warm 1997 and cold 1999 structure of currents sharply changed. In 1997 Navarin current entering to Anadyr gulf from the south was strongly developed. Its speed near Navarin cape reached 18.9 cm./sec. Anadyr anticyclone was expressed poorly. In 1999, on the contrary, the speed of Navarym current was almost in 2 times less. Anadyr anticyclone was distributed to the significant area of the gulf, and its northern border reached 64 N. Thus, 1999 can be related to a type of cold years on many hydrological parameters in Anadyr gulf.

39 TO VARIABILITY OF HYDROLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN THE KAMCHATKA STRAIT.
Pavlichev V.P., Petruk V.M.
Pacific Research Fisheries Centre

The data on seasonal fluctuations of the water regime in the northwest part of the Bering sea are resulted on the example of the Kamchatka strait. The observations on Kamchatka section were carried out in the 10th of August and in 13-14th of November 1999 in a layer 0-1500 m on RV �TINRO�. In the table given below the data on the charges of water between stations of the section for various layers are given. The negative meanings specify presence of the flow of a southern direction, i. e. from the Bering sea. As it is possible to notice, in the summer and autumn periods of 1999 it was observed general flowing of the Bering sea waters to the Pacific ocean.

The charges of water (Sv) on the Kamchatka section.

August				November
� st.	0-500 m	0-1000 m	0-1500 m	� st.	0-500 m	0-1000 m	0-1500 m
1-2	0.05	-0.05	-0.05	1-2	-0.02	0.02	-0.02
2-3	0.29	-0.73	-0.73	2-3	-0.41	0.64	-0.64
3-4	0.15	0.21	0.26	3-4	0.05	0.16	-0.03
4-5	0.17	0.37	0.59	4-5	-0.03	-0.61	-1.76
5-6	-0.08	-0.53	-1.41	5-6	-0.34	0.45	1.21
6-7	0.18	-0.43	-0.61	6-7	-0.06	-0.74	-1.21
7-8	-0.23	-0.58	-1.42	7-8	-0.22	-0.75	-1.22
The sum	-0.15	-1.74	-3.37	The sum	-1.03	-2.47	-3.67

* the section was carried out in the direction from the Bering island to the continent.
In an autumn it was above, than in summer.
The charges in a layer 0-500 m have increased sharply, practically in 1.5 times. Apparently, the similar seasonal strengthening of currents in the Kamchatka strait is the reflection of intensification of the East Bering Sea Slope current, which components are Navarin and East Kamchatka currents.
The structure of currents is analyzed in this work also. So, the East Kamchatka current was traced distinctly in the summer season on northern site of the section. Flows of different direction were observed on the southern half of the section, but the charges of water in both directions are almost equal. Probably, it is connected to existence in this area of anticyclonic circulation.
Three months later there were certain reorganizations in a field of currents. Except for a small jet of a northeast direction located between the East Kamchatka current and flows of southern directions beside the Bering island, the basic weight of waters followed from the Bering sea to the Pacific ocean.
The significant seasonal changes of thermohaline conditions are noticed within the limits of the Kamchatka section. For a site of the Kamchatka current they were showed as follows:
By decrease of temperature and increase of salinity of the surface layer (from 11.8�C up to 4.6�C and from 32.32 � up to 32.57 �). By increase of isothermal layer depth (from 10 m to 60 m). By decrease of the gradient in the seasonal thermocline, its gradual washing out (from 1.6 up to 0.8 �C). By increase of temperature in a nucleus of the cold intermediate layer (from 0.07 up to 0.58�C) and its deepening (from 84 up to 125 m).
Temperature in a nucleus of a warm intermediate layer practically has not changed, but salinity has decreased by 0.04 �, and it�s depth has increased with 243 up to 260 m.

40 VARIABILITY OF OCEANOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS IN THE TATAR STRAIT IN COLD PERIOD.
Petrov A.G.
Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute, RUSSIA

Cooling of a surface of the sea and formation of ice render effect on shaping of hydrological structure of waters. These modifications are fixed by repeated multiple observations above hydrological elements. On magnitude of a variability it is possible to conclude about the character of physical processes and their intensity. Thus more often methods of a statistical analysis of series of observations are used. The exactitude of the analysis depends on an amount of observations. The lack of regular hydrological observations in the Tatar Strait, their complete lack for winter phase does not allow to use methods of statistical analysis. In this case it is possible to conclude about character of physical processes of changes of hydrological elements in phase from a beginning of intensive cooling (fall-winter months) up to an initial warm-up period (winter-spring months). For this purpose the winter seasons described by presence of observations per the appropriate autumn and spring months in the same areas on probed harbour area were selected. The analysis of possible reasons and their intensity is conducted by construction of maps of differences (from fall to spring) of hydrological elements on standard horizons, and also lateral sections. The analysis of a variability of temperature, salinity of water and content of oxygen on separate sites of the Tatar Strait was conducted.

41 FALL-WINTER CONVECTION ON HARBOUR AREA TATAR STRAIT.
Petrov A.G.
Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute, RUSSIA

Numerical model fall-winter of ice appearances is used. In a basis of model the equations of a balance of heat and salt lay in view of an advection:

here C and ρ - thermal capacity and denseness of water; ρ_l and � - denseness and ice depth; V - current speed on a direction r; � � �₁ - coefficients of a vertical turbulent interchanging in water of a below uniform stratum; S and S_l - saltiness of water and ice; t - time; h - thickness of the upper uniform stratum; i and i + 1 - indexes concerning to (i)) to subsequent (i + 1) instants.
F_a - stream of heat from a spreading surface to an atmosphere is defined from the equation of a balance of heat: F_a= F_t+F_u+(1-A) R+Q,
Where F_t - turbulent heat interchange; F_u - heat interchange at the expense of evaporation; A - albedo of a spreading surface; R - summarized radiation; Q - effective radiation of a spreading surface.
Basis of the circuit of account of depth of a uniform stratum is the relation: ρh ≥ ρ
The account of streams of heat and salt to a homogeneous stratum is effected on known T, S - profiles at constant coefficient of a turbulent interchanging. Below than stratum of a convection the process of a diffusion is taken into account:

The account of an ice depth was produced under the formula:

Where H_i and H_i+1 - ice depth on instants t_i and t_i+1; - thermal conduction of marine ice; l_k - heat crystallization; T and T₀ - temperature on the upper and lower surfaces of ice; F_w - stream of heat to the lower surface of ice from water; - denseness of ice. The account a modification of a denseness of a uniform stratum is effected in view of saltiness of formed ice. The saltiness of ice paid off under the formula:

As a result of simulation the performances of convection intermixing for conditions of a concrete winter season described by severe ice conditions are obtained.

42 THE FEATURES OF SPECIAL VARIABILITY OF ICE CONCENTRATION IN THE JAPAN SEA.
Plotnikov V.V.
Pacific Oceanological Institute, RUSSIA

On the basis of archive of the air reconnaissance�s about ice conditions, submitted numerically on 124 grid cells of the Japan sea the analysis of spatial variability of ice conditions is carried out. The areas in phase and out of phase variability are allocated. The greatest negative meanings of parameters of correlation have on area allocated in northwest and east parts of the Japan sea . Therefore for these areas the analysis of large-scale variability is expedient for carrying out separately. Thus the steady reduction ice coverage in 90-th years in the east part of the Japan sea , coincided with the increase or invariance of ice conditions in western part. In whole the volume of ice in the sea for the last few years remained within the limits of natural variability.
On the basis of the carried out calculations the qualitative model of long-term redistribution if ice sheet in the Japan sea is offered.

43 THE JOINT ANALYSIS OF LONG-TERM VARIATIONS OF AN ICE EXTENSION, COVERAGE AND VOLUME OF ICE IN THE JAPAN SEA.
Plotnikov V.V.¹, Pokrashenko S.A.^2

1- Pacific Oceanological Institute, RUSSIA
²- Far Eastern State University, RUSSIA

The ice extension in the sea , the most widely used parameter, is not the objective characteristic of severity of ice conditions or severity of winter. It is connected with determination of these variables. More objective characteristic is the general area of ice in the sea (coverage) and volume of ice. On the basis of restored data file about ice concentration, stages of development, floe sizes, ridges and snow cover on ice in the Japanese sea in the grid cells the offered estimations pay off and their joint analysis is carried out. The greatest distinction in the indicated estimations are marked just within with the maximal development of an ice cover. The minimum deviations have for years with minimal or close to normal ice coverage. The NOAA estimations are compared also with these data.

44 THE FORMATION OF COMPLETE DATA BASE OF THE ICE SHEET FOR THE ANALYSIS AND SUBSEQUENT USE IN THE JAPAN SEA.
Plotnikov V.V.
Pacific Oceanological Institute, RUSSIA

The information about ice sheet, accumulated by the present time differs by initial incompleteness. It is connected with the cloudiness presence at visual fixation of an ice cover, irregulation of imagining, observer�s mistakes etc. Thus, practically, there is no period with a complete set of all elements describing full enough the conditions of an ice cover.
The stages of development, floe sizes, roughness and, in smaller measure, snow cover of ice are the basic elements reflecting the condition of an ice cover and most frequently used in engineering calculations.
For optimum restoration of fields of ice elements the algorithms of decomposition on an empirical orthogonal components (EOC) and subsequent optimization were used . Their essence was to pick up such meanings of initial magnitudes instead of those missed, which at decomposition of initial fields on an EOC and subsequent restoration would satisfy mini max requirements.
According to the results of test accounts it is possible to conclude , that the realization of such a procedure has allowed to receive complete fields of ice sheet elements close to real. At use as criterion of optimization the other parameters , in particular the sum of squares of deviations the restored fields turned out close to average long time period.
As a result of calculations the complete archives of the data on all listed ice elements submitted on 124 homogeneous enough areas on which the Japan sea was broken for the period 1960-1990 years were received
The received data can be used further for the realization of the subsequent analysis of spatial-temporal structure of ice sheet of the Japanese sea and also for various engineering calculations.

45 METHODICAL ASPECTS OF SAFETY PROVIDING FOR MARINE OPERATIONS ON THE SHELF OF THE SEA OF OKHOTSK DURING SEA ICE PERIOD.
Pokrashenko S.A.
Far Eastern State University, RUSSIA

Activation of work on the shelf, the necessity of carrying out all kinds of work in the beginning of ice-formation period and before the beginning of the clear-ice period for the expanding of the active navigation demands an improvement of knowledge about ice conditions in specified areas. And the problem of respective forecast-providing for marine operations, including individual criterions is very important and unsolved nowadays.
Till the present time, existing methods of forecasting ice conditions in the Sea of Okhotsk and studying them reclined on macro parameters, characterizing condition of the sea in general. The general sea ice conditions till the mid 90�s was evaluated according air-reconnaissance. Right in this time the author created a prototype of the database on ice conditions for the Eastern Sakhalin, which provided the evaluation of repeatability thickness and forms of ice on the shelf. Opportunities of using satellite information are being studied now. Received with the help of already existing methods of deciphering, maps of ice conditions are low-interfaced with some observations, gained with the help of air-reconnaissance and often aren�t correct.
The activity of economical individuals demands the development of the forecasting methods and the quantitative characteristic of the ice conditions in the specified areas. It�s shown that forecasts for the whole Sea of Okhotsk aren�t always conformed to the forecasts made for the specified area. It�s known, that the most earliest and the most latest dates of ice-clearing was noticed in the years with average or even mild winter.
The characteristic of precision of already existing methods of getting information about ice environment is given here. It assumes to use combination of rapid air-reconnaissance�s, aero-photography, existing methods of short-term forecast of ice conditions in the given region and historical data with the help of NOAA and OCEAN snapshots for the operations on the shelf.

46 THE 20-TH CENTURY CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE ASIAN-PACIFIC REGION.
Ponomarev V.¹, Kaplunenko D.¹, Ustinova E.², Ishida H.^3

1- Pacific Oceanological Institute, RUSSIA
²- Pacific Research Institute of Fisheries & Oceanography, RUSSIA
³- Kanazawa University, JAPAN

Climatic tendencies of surface air temperature in the mid-latitude Asia to the east off 55�E and in the Northwest Pacific marginal zone are estimated for the both 20th century and second half of the century. The climatic change is also estimated in the deep water of the Japan Sea situated in the area of maximal winter temperature contrast. Both substantial centennial and semi-centennial warming in the large scale areas of the mid-latitude band 40�- 65� of the Asia is revealed from December to April with extended maximum in December and March. The semi-centennial/centennial cooling is found in the Central Asia and South Siberia in June�July/July-August, as well as in the certain areas of the Subarctic Marginal zone from August to October. The regular centennial warming of high significance level all the year round is marked over the Japanese Islands and Pacific coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula. The corresponding water temperature rise is also manifested in the Japan Sea deep water. The substantial large scale and regional climate warming is accompanied by vertical stability increase in the intermediate and deep water, but dissolved oxygen decrease and silicate increase in lower deep and bottom waters of the Japan Sea. It corresponds to ventilation reduction of the Japan Sea deep basin during warming period. It is shown that the Sea of Japan as a deep basin with shallow straits, is very sensitive to the climate change dominated from December to June over the subtopic-subarctic and ocean-land transitional area of the Asian - Pacific Region.

47 SIMULATION OF THE JAPAN SEA CIRCULATION IN SUMMER 1999 USING THE MHI LAYERED MODEL.
Ponomarev V.¹, Trusenkova O.², Talley L.^3

1- Pacific Oceanological Institute, RUSSIA
²- Institute of Automation and Control Procesesses, RUSSIA
³- Scripps Institute of Oceanography, USA

The Japan Sea circulation is simulated using the MHI layered model (Marine Hydrophysical Institute, Sevastopol, Ukraine) with 1/16° horizontal resolution. The model initial spin-up is discussed from the initial condition based on oceanographic observations in summer 1999 covering the whole sea. The model is forced by summer monsoon wind and/or by heat and buoyancy fluxes through the straits and sea surface. The heat and buoyancy fluxes on the sea surface are calculated in the model itself based on heat balance equation. The incoming short-term radiation, air temperature, precipitation and wind velocity are given parameters. The sea surface temperature is calculated using turbulence energy balance for the upper mixed layer. Unlike some layered models, the MHI model is formulated so that not only layer interfaces but also temperature and salinity in the layers are functions of horizontal coordinate and time. Layers representing the upper mixed layer, subtropical waters, main pycnocline, and the Japan Sea Proper Water are set as initial condition from observed density distribution. The Japan Sea currents (the Liman Current, North Korea Cold Current, East Korean Warm Current, and Tsushima Current) are successfully simulated during initial spin-up. The synoptic scale eddies which are not present in the smoothed initial condition develop during initial spin-up. Comparison is made with the MHI model initial spin-up from the initial condition of Levitus climatological temperature and horizontally homogeneous salinity and layer interfaces.

48 THE LARGE-SCALE OXYGEN VARIABILITY IN THE JAPAN SEA.
Rykov N.A.
Far Eastern Hydrometeorological Research Institute, RUSSIA

There is interannual variability of dissolved oxygen investigated in three deep basins of the Japan Sea. Data from 1950 to present were used for estimations. The data were averaged separately over the basins on the depths of 2000, 2500 and 3000 m. It's shown that annually fluctuations occur on background of oxygen trend. The most values of oxygen on the depths of 2500-3000 m contained 5.65-5.75 ml/l in 1950. Mean oxygen values decreased from 5.3-5.4 ml/l to 4.8-4.9 ml/l from the middle of the 60ths to the end of the 80ths. During the last decade the tendency of oxygen decreasing absents. Obtained results are confirmed by estimations of confidence probability. Attempt of explanation of oxygen large scale fluctuations is carried out.

49 THE OCEANOGRAPHY ASPECT OF RADIATING SITUATION IN CHAZMA BAY OF JAPAN SEA.
Sergeev A.F.¹, Goryachev V.A.¹, Soyfer V.N.¹, Rubtsov N.P.², Matveev V.I.³, Kotenko B.A.¹, Gorin I.I.¹, Makarov V.G.^1

1- Pacific Oceanological Institute, RUSSIA
²- Chazhma Repair Plant of Pacific Fleet, RUSSIA
³- Pacific Fisheries Research Centre (TINRO-Centre), RUSSIA

The study of hydrological conditions of a bay is carried out, in which was generated and evolve a field of radioactive pollution of bottom sediments caused by nuclear failure in 1985. For various seasons the speeds of currents and hydrological characteristics are established. Feature of distribution them is the nuclear structure of waters caused by lenses, which formation is connected with rising tide action on a underwater slope in the top part of a bay.
The bay is characterized by weak dynamics of waters. The bottom water circulation is defined wind regime mainly, and carries compensatory character. Are revealed intensification of bottom current in a zone of failure. The mechanisms of the given phenomenon is discussed. The intensification of bottom current more often are observed in summer period, in which, on the data sedimentation traps, the maximum of intensity carrying radioactive cobalt is observed also.
The proceeding increase of capacity of a doze of radiation of some sites bottom in epicentre of failure is discussed. The settlement circuits of circulation in a bay reflecting a situation before and after removal of dock, and also distribution Co-60 in a sediments of underwater radioactive trace showing about change in structure of bottom current are resulted.
From the analysis of the available information follows, that the hydrodynamical situation in a bay promotes localization of a radio-activity, providing insignificant her carrying for limits of a bay, and is not of radiating conditions, determining now in the forecast.

50 VARIABILITY H500 AT EASTERN COAST OF ASIA IN JANUARY AND JULY 1950-1999.
Shatilina T.A.
Pacific Research Fisheries Centre, RUSSIA

500-hpa field and H500 geopotential anomalies structural peculiarities are analyzed in January 1950-1999 over the Northwestern part of the Pacific (NWP). 500-hpa typical fields of 1950-s, 60-s, 70-s, 80-s and 90-s are determined for winter. The main differences of 500-hpa fields are in the position of Okhotsk low (area of low barometric pressure) and high frontal area (FNA) these years in Japan. 500-hpa fields anomalous structures are determined to be formed in the result of Okhotsk low and the ridge of the Pacific high shifting from their climatic position.
At 500 field and H500 anomalies structures analysis in July permitted to single out the structures types, typical for examined years. In particular, the monsoon low influence increased sharply on the Sea of Japan areas in July 1980-s. The monsoon high influence increased over the Sea of Japan in 1990-s.

51 THE SUMMER-AUTUMN ZOOPLANKTON OF TIKHAYA ZAVOD BIGHT (VOSTOK BAY, SEA OF JAPAN).
Shkoldina L.S.
Institute of Marine Biology, RUSSIA

From June to November, 1999 the structure and dynamics of zooplankton at a permanent station at a depth 3.5 - 5 meters in Vostok Bay (Biological Station "Vostok" of Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences) were investigated. In all, 4 species of Cladocera, 19 species of Calanoida, 4 species of Cyclopoida, representatives of Poecilostomatoida, Harpacticoida, as well as 7 taxonomic groups of holoplankton and larvae of bottom invertebrates were found. Changes in qualitative and quantitative structure of zooplankton were traced from the end of biological spring to the beginning biological autumn. In general, the dynamics of zooplankton at the permanent station was similar to those in Peter the Great Bay; however there were differences due to local hydrological and biotopic conditions.

52 THE SUMMER PLANKTON OF SIVUCH�YA AND KALEVALA BAYS (SEA OF JAPAN).
Shkoldina L.S., Shevchenko O.G.
Institute of Marine Biology, RUSSIA

The plankton of Sivuchya and Kalevala Bays was investigated. The samples were collected in July � September 1996, zooplankton samples were taken from the bottom � surface layer, phytoplankton from the surface layer (0.5 �). Representatives of 9 phyla and of 17 classes holo- and meroplankton (calanoid copepods dominated in the number of species � 18) and 64 species of microalgae, belonging to 6 divisions (dinophytes, 30 species; diatoms, 30 species) were found. As a whole, the fauna of Copepoda consisted of arcto-boreal and boreal-arctic (17%), boreal (55%) and subtropical (28%) species. Species of only arctic and boreal genesis was found in zooplankton community in July, the subtropical species (up to 45%) occurred in August � September. Among Calanoida, oceanic species (56%) dominated; among phytoplankton, neritic species prevailed (70%). Among microalgae, cosmopolitan (48%) and tropical-boreal species (23%) dominated. Tropical species of phytoplankton were found only in August, and the number of species of other complexes decreased in comparison with July. The quantitative parameters of plankton changed: the biomass of seston was 1.9 � 400 g/m³, the density of phytoplankton 120 � 800 thousand cell/L, the density of zooplankton 11.3 � 78.9 numbers/m³. Boreal species Pseudocalanus newmani, Oithona similis, Acartia clausi, Tortanus discaudatus were dominated in July, subtropical species Paracalanus parvus, O. brevicornis, Centropages tenuiremis and subboreal species Pseudodiaptomus marinus predominated in August - September. The complex of the dominant species of phytoplankton didn�t change. The diatom Chaetoceros affinis, C. compresses were numerically dominant, �small flagellate algae� occupied the second place in July, the potentially toxic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum was second in August. Other microalgae of this group (Pseudonitzschia pungens, P. multiseries, Dinophysis acuminata) and harmfully Noctiluca scintillans, Leptocilindrus danicus were also found. The investigated bays had a similar structure of phyto- and zooplankton; the differences existed in the quantitative parameters and seasonal dynamics of plankton, which was caused by hydrological features of the bays.

53 PHYTOPLANKTON AND PIGMENT CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION IN PETER THE GREAT BAY IN AUTUMN OF 1999.
Shtraihert E.A.¹, Alekseev A.V.¹, Stonik I.V.², Shevchenko O.G.^2

1- Pacific Oceanological Institute, RUSSIA
²- Institute of Marine Biology, RUSSIA

The phytoplankton distribution in Peter the Great Bay was received in autumn of 1999 at cruise R/V "Lugovoye". Survey has been conducted from November 24 to December 3, 1999. 78 stations were conducted to evaluate the phytoplankton pigment and 32 of these- to define the species composition. It permitted to obtain both the picture of distribution of chlorophyll "a" and other pigment and the phytoplankton species composition.
Samples for pigment and species composition analysis of phytoplankton have been mainly taken from sea surface with horizon of 0.5m. For survey of the species composition alteration from depth at 3 stations (st.42,48,78) the samples were taken from all horizons - over and under jump layer of temperature. For determination of phytoplankton pigment in samples of water the standard spectrometric methods were used. The highest concentrations of chlorophyll "a" were observed in Posjeta Bay- 7.5 mg/m³ and at stations near the Povorotniy Cap (6.3- 8.1 mg/m³). It probably is bound up with the raised concentration of nutrients caused by the coastal runoff in the southwest of Peter the Great Bay (along the south-west coast were also observed high concentrations of chlorophyll"(3.5 -4.68 mg/m³)) and the tidal mixing in the south-eastern part of the region. The study revealed 123 species and intraspecific taxa of microalga belonging to 7 phylums. The overal numbers of microalgae varied from 6 to 928 thousands cells/liter and the biomass varied from 0.08 to 3.45g/m³. The phytoplankton was dominated by the diatoms Skeletonema costatum, Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii, Chaetoceros compressus, Ch.mitra, Cerataulina pelagica.
The investigation of the pigment concentration distribution and the species composition of phytoplankton in Peter the Great Bay is the necessary part of detailed studies of seasonal productivity dynamics and the discovery of changes in ecosystem of the region.

54 CHLOROPHYLL "A" AND THE HYDROLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN PETER THE GREAT BAY IN AUTUMN OF 1999.
Shtraihert E.A., Alekseev A.V., Vanin N.S., Yurasov G.I., Zakharkov S.P.
Pacific Oceanological Institute, RUSSIA

The phytoplankton pigment distribution and hydrological conditions in Peter the Great Bay was received in autumn of 1999 at cruise R/V "Lugovoe". Survey has been conducted from November 24 to December 3, 1999. 104 stations were conducted to evaluate hydrological conditions and 78 of these - to define the phytoplankton pigments. It permitted to obtain both the picture of distribution of chlorophyll "a" and hydrological parameters. Samples for pigment analysis of phytoplankton have been mainly taken from the sea surface with horizon of 0.5 m.
The concentration of chlorophyll "a" varied from 0.756 mg/m³ to 8.11 mg/m³. Lowered concentration of chlorophyll "a" was observed in Amurskiy Bay (1.3 -2.7mg/m³) and some higher - in Ussuriyskiy Bay (2.3 - 4.4mg/m³), that is bound up with the light limitation for photosynthesis due to enhanced water turbidity in Amurskiy Bay. High concentrations of chlorophyll "a" were marked along the south-west coast of Peter the Great Bay (3.5 - 4.68mg/m³), with highest value in Posjeta Bay - 7.48 mg/m³, and at stations near the Povorotniy Cape (6.3-8.1mg/m³). It is probably bound up with the raised concentration of nutrients, which were caused by the coastal runoff in the southwest and the tidal mixing in the south-eastern part of the region. It should be marked also that in both cases the high content of dissolved oxygen was observed. Investigation of the phytoplankton pigment distribution in Peter the Great Bay is the nesessary part of detailed studies of seasonal phytoplankton productivity influenced by the environment hydrological factors.

55 STATE OF ATMOSPHERIC ACTION CENTERS AND TEMPERATURE REGIME OF THE FAR EAST.
Smolyankina T.V.
Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute, RUSSIA

The correlation of AAC characteristics upon meteo-conditions observed in some individual areas are described by multiple authors. This paper dwells upon the inter-dependence of geographic position and intensity of four atmospheric action centers (North Pacific high, Aleutian low, Asian high, and Asian low) and air temperature anomalies registered at 22 stations of Primorye and Sakhalin. The average values of seasonal AAC parameters (pressure in the center and its coordinates) and air temperature anomalies registered in 1949-1990 are used. The paper describes the seasons of the second natural synoptic region, namely first half of winter, second half of winter, spring, summer, autumn, and pre-winter period.
At the first stage of the described research the normal and anomalous gradations of AAC parameters were distinguished. Basing on these gradations, with taking the elliptic shift into account, AAC position has been classified over types. Five types have been distinguished. Two-dimensional recurrence of the AAC position and temperature anomaly gradations were studied.
The evolution of AAC position, from normal to anomalous, within one season has been studied and some regularities have been revealed. It is noteworthy, that judging by the processes observed during the cold half-a -year period in anomaly warm seasons and one season prior them the interaction of the three AACs, North Pacific high, Aleutian low, and Asian high, is well pronounced, while in the anomaly cold years the North Pacific high has been found to loose its intensity and to shift toward North America. For the processes of the worm half-a-year period in anomaly cold seasons and one season prior them the Asian high has been found to gain its intensity, while the maps of the near-earth pressure in anomaly warm years show it as very weak pronounced.

56 HYDROCHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE JAPAN/EAST IN SUMMER 1999.
Tischenko P. Ya.¹, Talley L.², Zhabin I.A.¹, Ponomarev V.I.¹, Nedashkovsky A.¹, Sagalaev S.¹, Il�ina E.¹, Luchin V.³, Lobanov V.B.^1

1- Pacific Oceanological Institute , RUSSIA
²- Scripps Institute of Oceanography, USA
³- Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Agency, RUSSIA

A two ship (R/V R. Revelle and R/V Prof.Khromov) oceanographic survey of the Japan/Sea was undertaken in June-August, 1999. Hydrochemical data (dissolved oxygen, nutrients, pH25, and alkalinity) were collected for more than 200 stations along with CTD hydrographic data.
On the base of this data dissolved inorganic carbon, pHin situ, CO₂ partial pressure (pCO₂), apparent oxygen utilization, �NO� and �PO� have been calculated.
Distribution of hydrochemical parameters along horizontal and isopicnal surfaces were mapped and analyzed. Fields of various chemical parameters coincide each others in general and show main features of the Japan Sea structure and circulation. Prominent anomalies of chemical fields are related to mesoscale struture such as anticyclonic eddies.
Hydrochemical properties of water mass demonstrate features that indicate on the areas of the intermediate and deep water ventilation. Possible mechanism of the water mass renewal is discussed.

57 COMPLEX EOF PATTERNS OF THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC SST ANOMALIES.
Trousenkov S.¹, Ponomarev V.², Trusenkova O.¹, Ishida H.^3

1- Institute of Automation and Control Processes, RUSSIA
²-Pacific Oceanological Institute, RUSSIA
³- Kanazawa University, JAPAN

The low frequency SST anomalies are studied in the Northwest Pacific, the area northward 20° N and westward 170° E covering the Subarctics, Subtropics, Kuroshio � Oyashio Frontal Zone, and Japan and Okhotsk Seas. The SST large scale variations are commonly recognized as standing oscillations. As an efficient indicator of high dynamic ocean/atmosphere interaction, the Northwest Pacific SST is expected, however, to be significantly influenced by the regional factors accounting for anomaly signal propagation contributing to the large-scale variability. To reveal moving features, 1° x1° gridded monthly mean SST anomaly fields for 1945-1989 are decomposed into Complex EOFs. Spatial amplitude/phase distributions are analyzed and spectral peaks are identified for temporal amplitude functions. SST anomalies are represented by the set of patterns with standing and moving features superimposed.
The principal CEOF1 (20% of the total variance) manifests a movement across the Frontal Zone from the Bering Sea to the East-China Sea and further into the Central Tropic Pacific. Its modal area corresponds to the Oyashio Intrusion in terms of spatial amplitude. As it has been shown before, this pattern contributes to counterclockwise propagation of SST anomalies over the whole North Pacific. CEOF2 (16.5%) reveals two modal areas separated by the Frontal Zone with the opposite movement from the Subtropics to Subarctics. CEOF1 and CEOF2 are mainly associated with 7.5 yr periodicity, although biennial variations are also found for CEOF2. Standing oscillations are represented by CEOF3 pattern (10%), with the eastern part of the Frontal Zone being out-of-phase to both Subtropics and Subarctics. Nevertheless, there is a signal propagating from the Japan Sea into the Subtropics and the Sea of Okhotsk. Variations of both decadal (9-11yrs) and ENSO-scale (4yr) periodicities are present in CEOF3.

58 ANOMALIES OF METEOROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC MARGIN, RELATED TO ENSO.
Trusenkova O.¹, Ponomarev V.¹, Kaplunenko D.¹, Smolyankina T.^2

1- Pacific Oceanological Institute, RUSSIA
²- Far Eastern Regional Hydrometorological Research Institute, RUSSIA

This study is devoted to the ENSO related anomalies of the meteorological characteristics in the Northwest Pacific Margin, from Tropics to Arctic. Monthly mean surface air temperature and precipitation observed at meteorological stations along the Northwest Pacific coast, Far-Eastern marginal sea coasts from the East China Sea to the Bering Sea, and adjacent East Asian area are analyzed. Atmosphere circulation characteristics over the North Pacific are also employed. A changing pattern of statistical relationship of surface air temperature with ENSO from south to north is found for the Tropic, Subtropic, Subarctic and Arctic Northwest Pacific Margin. In the Tropics positive (negative) anomalies of air temperature are associated with an El Nino (La Nina) event in most seasons of a year. In the Subtropic Northwest Pacific Margin, positive (negative) anomalies are associated with an El Nino (La Nina) event in the beginning of cold season (November, December). Relationship is of an opposite character in warm season. Negative (positive) anomalies of surface air temperature are associated with El Nino (La Nina) events in the Subarctic Northwest Pacific Margin in both cold and warm seasons. In the Arctic Pacific Margin, warm (cold) anomalies related to El Nino (La Nina) events prevail, weak over the western coast in winter and spring but moderate over the East Arctic Pacific all the year round. Precipitation anomalies exhibit, generally, similar tendencies. Anomalies in position and intensity of the atmosphere centers of action (Aleutian Low, Hawaii High, Asian High, Asian Low) are revealed related to ENSO.

59 STRONG AND VERY STRONG WINDS ON SAKHALIN IN A COLD SEASON.
Vasilevskaya L.N.
Far Eastern State University, RUSSIA

The Sakhalin island having huge economical value for Russia, rather frequently is subject to influencing of high winds. The strengthening of a winds per cold half-year are extra hazardous: they cause of departure of avalanches, in combination to a rain ice result in damages of power line and communication circuits, handicap realization of manufacturing measures on opened air and endanger life of the people. The complex analysis of time-space distribution of high winds and reasons causing its strengthening, is made on the basis of the data of eight-urgent supervision (observations) on 16 meteorological stations Sakhalin Hydromet for 26-year's period of cold half-year (1966-1989); Aerology atmospheric sounding of three stations (Aleksandrovsk, Poronaisk, and Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), and also synoptic archives of Hydrometeorology Center of Russian Federation, Sakhalin Hydromet and Far Eastern State University hydrometeorology archive.
As a result are detected time-space variability of a mode of strong, storm and maximum winds and strong gales with different types of a wind shift during strong gale and their geographic analysis is given.The computational maximum wind speed of infrequent recurrence is determined; the features of an interannual course of maximum wind speed are parsed; zoning territory on a mode of high winds and storm activity is made. For this purpose the non-parametric yardstick Kruskall-Walles and method of objective classification with usage of yardstick of distinction is attracted what Euclidean spacing interval is; are studied circulating and meteorological conditions of formation of high winds; the informative synoptic tags of storm situations are detected.

60 RESULTS OF THE BERING SEA CURRENT RESEARCH BASED ON DOPPLER SONAR CURRENT INDICATOR MEASUREMENTS.
Vologdin V.N., Darnitsky V.B.
Pacific Research Fisheries Centre, RUSSIA

Observations with different spatial - time descreteness on the trawl survey area (along the edge of the Bering Sea shelf) showed the great variability of velocities and directions of currents in different scales.
Average velocities of currents on 7 m horizon (2 m lower hull mounted transducers) were changing from 0.19 to 0.77 knots (10-41 cm/s) during a month with extreme 5 - 56.6 cm/s values. Along with this existed brightly expressed quasi 2 daily periodicity of the current velocity absolute values changes was observing in this horizon, while surface drift currents have quasi - 3 day periodicity (3.3 days). Changes of directions of current in the same horizon also had quasi 3 daily periodicity with a modulation of these directions by wind currents.
In the most large scale: inside month well noticeable maximum of current speed at the end of second decade. This maximum is consequence of velocities field disturbance of currents, which produced by cyclonic activity in atmosphere. The time of this process relaxation compiled about 10 days.
Inner-daily oscillations besides main tidal periods (daily and semi - diurnal) showed fast changes of current speed from 5 to 35 cm/s during an hour on all three horizons. Along with this existed coherent changes of velocities on depths and independent high frequency fluctuations of currents on every horizon. In hour scales also were registered single waves of a soliton type - this formations were not coherent in different layers. Higher frequence fluctuations of velocities with the amplitude to 15-25 cm/s existing in time scales from 5 to 12 minutes. A short period increases of speed in these scales can achieve 150-250 cm/s on the horizon 40 m.
Doppler sonar measurements allowed to establish previously not known fine structure peculiarities of field of water masses movements in different layers, which are not fixed by standard hydrological surveys.

61 CURRENT MEASUREMENTS IN BERING SEA USING DOPPLER SONAR CURRENT INDICATOR.
Vologdin, V.N., Darnitsky V.B., Ubarchuk I.A.
Pacific Research Fisheries Centre, RUSSIA

The Doppler sonar have been applied in goals of oceanography research in TINRO since 1990 year. At realization of the Bering sea is polla�k complex survey besides standard hydrological and trawl - acoustic surveys were produced measurements of currents by means of the doppler sonar CI - 30 (Furuno, Japan). The currents were registrated in 7, 30 - 55 and 80 - 205 m horizons during the period of the greatest stability of ship�s course and speed - at realization hauls. The integral significances of velocities of currents were determined with 1, 2 and 5 minutes periods with values registrations through every 15 seconds. It was calculated also surface drift currents at May - July, 1990.
A discreteness of observation stations of doppler sonar was depending on the trawl survey regime. Therefore it was variable within a twenty-four-hour period and on the average compiling 6 hours on time and 20 - 40 miles on the area. On every station and on all three horizons (layers) was fulfilled from 10 to 30 measurements of velocity of currents.
Directions of currents in the surface layer were more differing and more stochastic process, than this is known out of publications, especially on averaged current schemes. It was predominates different scales eddy structure of the surface currents, alternating with mesoscale streammer currents. The structure of the surface currents reminds satellite image of the sea surface (Ahlnas, Royer, George, 1987). Low descreteness of observations aids to resolute some fragments of the mushroom - like structure in separate occasions.

62 THE DISTRIBUTION OF PREVAILING ONE-YEAR ICES IN THE OKHOTSK SEA.
Yakunin L.P.
Far Eastern State University, RUSSIA

The ice-cover exists in the Okhotsk Sea from 9 to 11 month of year.
In March ice attains its maximum development. By this time it mainly consists of prevailing single-year ice with width of more thaw 30 cm. that greatly hinders navigation. Using regular lasting many years observations of an ice covering from 1957 to 1991 allowed the make up month charts of distribution of prevailing single-year ices in isolines of meeting probability. With the help of these charts in is rather simple to estimate change-ableness of single-year ices also to extract water areas with the most heavy or slight ices. Figures to the report show the month charts of distribution of one-year ices of the Okhotsk Sea for the whole period of ice formation.

63 CAN THE INTENSE RED TIDES IN THE PETER THE GREAT BAY IN 1992 - 96 BE AN INDICATOR OF CLIMATE ANOMALIES IN THE NORTHWEST JAPAN SEA?
Yakovlev S.¹, Ponomarev V.², Grigoryeva N.², Trusenkova O.², Nikitin A.^3

1- Institute of Marine Biology, RUSSIA
²- Pacific Oceanological Institute, RUSSIA
³- Pacific Fisheries Research Centre, RUSSIA

Oceanographic and meteorological conditions accompanying Red Tides caused by abundant growth of Noctiluca scintillans McCartney (N. miliaris Suriray) are analyzed in the Peter the Great Bay, Northwest Japan Sea. Rare events of Red Tides may be indicators of some anomalous oceanographic biotic and abiotic conditions. However, repeating Red Tides observed during several years may be associated with climate variations.
In the 20th century the Red Tides were registered in the Peter the Great Bay in 1909, 1917, 1926, 1950, 1980, and 1982. In 90s, for the first time, the Red Tides have been observed in the western Peter the Great Bay every spring and summer since 1992 to 1996. Red Tides were not reported in 1997 and 1998. In our opinion, frequent Red Tides are both a consequence and an indicator of the climate change in the Japan Sea. In 1992 - 1996 the western Japan Sea was characterized by substantial positive anomalies of air and water surface temperature, especially in a cold season of a year. These anomalies may be associated with both changes of atmosphere circulation and warm subtropical waters transport to the western Japan Sea.

64 THE CHANGE OF PHYTOPLANKTON PRODUCTION PARAMETERS IN WARM CORE EDDIES IN THE SEA OF JAPAN (SPRING-SUMMER 1999).
Zakharkov S.P.¹, Lobanov V.B.¹, Mitchell B.G.^2

1- Pacific Oceanological Institute, RUSSIA
²- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, USA

The distribution of phytoplankton and its productive characteristics in warm core eddies was received in the 32^th cruise of the R/V Pavel Gordienko (14-23 April 1999) and in the 36^th cruise of the R/V Khromov (29 July �12 August) the region between 39° 50' -43° 00' N and 130° 30' 134° 30' E.
Hydrological data were collected with the Neil Brown CTD sound of Rozet. The samples for the primary production definition in column of water collected from the levels which were chosen by examining CTD temperature profiles. The primary production was determined by the delayed fluorescence method (Zakharkov et al. 1985). The pigments concentration in samples of water was determined by the standard spectrophotometric and fluorescence methods The samples of specific composition at crossing of warm streams and core eddies collected either from the superficial levels or from levels with maximum phytoplankton concentration.
The comparison and discussion of results of these investigations is the subject of this paper.

65 OBJECTIVE CLASSIFICATION OF THE FORMS OF THE ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION, THEIR VARIABILITY AND VARIETY ABOVE OF EAST SIBERIA, FAR EAST AND NORTHWEST PACIFIC OCEAN.
Zhuravleva T.M., Man�ko A.N.
Far East Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute, RUSSIA

It is known, that the atmospheric circulation plays an important role in a modeling and change of a climate. To estimate the atmospheric circulation there are different methods for standard making of the atmospheric processes, quantitative indexes and etc in meteorology. For the East Siberia, the Far East and the Northwest Pacific Ocean (the second natural � synoptic area or 2 n. s. a.) G. Wangengeim�s and A. Girs�s suggested 9 variations of the forms of circulation reflecting its great features. O. Iliinsky�s standard making is more detailed: 7 forms and 24 their variations are good only for the Far East also. Unfortunately, the data obtained only from 1954 to 1957, were not complete for the next years. The calendar of Iliinsky�s forms has been compiled by subjective method different experts, and since 1986 the data haven�t been enriching. But the requirement for estimation of the atmospheric circulation exists not only in the Far East region, but over all second n. s. a. also.
In the present work by daily fields �500 (middle troposphere) for the period 1964 - 1990 the detailed objective classification, taking into account variety of the atmospheric processes occurring above all the second n. s. a. has been carried out. The local types are chosen as formally both with help of objective criteria of similarity, and with taking into account character of the synoptic process. The obtained 183 versions are united in 11 macro-types with preservation of Iliinsky�s types. It has been shown, that over the second n. s. a. more variety of situations in fields �500 takes place, then it was marked before. Nevertheless, are also are capable to be grouped into types and exists for the same interval of time or to pass one into another.
The applied technique of classification is free of subjectivism basically. The obtained calendar can be used for diagnostic and prognostic aims in different researches. The automated objective method of the circulation forms determination can be applied for operative conditions for further updating of the calendar.

66 RENEW OF THE BOTTOM WATERS OF THE KURILE BASIN IN THE SEA OF OKHOTSK.
Salyuk A.¹, Winckler G.², Sosnin V.^1

1- Pacific Oceanological Institute, RUSSIA
²- University of Heidelberg, GERMANY

Vertical distribution of hydrographic and hydrochemical properties in Kuril Basin has some features, which concerned to deep and bottom water formation in the Kuril Basin. One of this features is slight monotonic increase of oxygen concentration and salinity and monotonic decrease of potential temperature, which take place from deep waters to very bottom from about 2500 to 3400 m. This can indicate on the bottom water ventilation with cold waters containing more oxygen. On deep station Ge99-6-2 carried out in the central part of Kuril Basin during the joint Russian-German cruise M/V "Marshal Gelovany" on project KOMEX in July-October 1999 the positive anomaly of oxygen content +4 mkM/kg in 90 m bottom layer has revealed. This anomaly overlays the negative potential temperature anomaly -0.005C in 30 m near bottom mixed layer with potential temperature 1.6025 C and potential density 27.692. So small thickness of temperature anomaly layer clear indicates, that this layer is undoubtedly new and must fast disappear in time due to heat exchange and near bottom mixing.
The possible source of this new anomaly water is Pacific water with slightly higher density from Bussol straight with maximum sill depth ~ 2300 m. According to Yasuoka (1967) in 1965 Pacific waters with density 27.7 entered through the Bussol straight in the Sea of Okhotsk. More exactly the nature of this anomaly waters will be established after finishing the isotopic analyses of water samples on O-18, He-3, He-4, H-3 and after considering more CTD and hydrochemical data from previous expeditions.
The revealed oxygen and temperature anomaly showed that process of supplying dense bottom waters with higher oxygen content is continued. Such supply of dense water in the thin near bottom layer seems to be one of significant mechanisms of renew of bottom waters in Kuril Basin.

67 CURRENTS OBSERVED AROUND THE WESTERN SUBPOLAR FRONT IN MAY 1999.
Kim C., Shin S.W.
Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute, REPUBLIC OF KOREA

Currents around the western sub-polar front were measured with a ship mounted ADCP during a cruise for CTD casting in May 1999. The results of the survey showed two thermal fronts. One is affected by the East Korean Warm Current. Main stream of the East Korean Warm Current flowed to the north with 70�80 cm/s and was separated form the east coast of Korea around 37N. Some part of the current recirculated anticyclonically. The other thermal front is affected by southern part of a warm core that is located in 39N, 129E. Therefore the current flowed to the north near the east coast but to the southwest off the coast. The speed of the current is about 60�70 cm/s.

68 MACROBENTHOS OF BRACKISH-WATER INTERTIDAL AREAS OF DOLPHIN BAY (SHIKOTAN ISLAND, THE KURIL ISLANDS).
Ivanova M.B., Kupina N.G., Tsurpalo A.P.
Institute of Marine Biology, RUSSIA

A description and quantitative characteristics of belt-forming macrobenthos communities of breckish-water intertidal areas in Dolphin Bay are given with consideration for changes that have taken place after lowering of the island as a result of an earthquake in 1994. A comparative biogeographical analysis of macrobenthos of brackish-water intertidal areas in Dolphin Bay and that of an exposed seashore in Gorobets Bay (Shikotan Island) was carried out. The peculiarity of the biota of brackish-water intertidal areas in Dolphin Bay is the presence of a considerable number of marine eurytopic and brackish-water species of the subtropical-lowboreal group. The brackish-water inertidal areas of Dolphin Bay are assigned to the Amur-Japanese subregion of the brackish-water Sino-Indian biogeographic region, as opposed to typical seashores of Shikotan Island, which belong to the low boreal subregion of the maritime Pacific boreal region.
69 THE APPLICATION OF HYDRODYNAMICAL MODEL OF DRIFTING OF ICE FOR A SHORT-TERM FORECAST OF THE BEHAVIOR OF THE ICE SHEET IN THE TATAR STRAIT.
Pokrashenko S.A.
Far Eastern State University, RUSSIA

The development and forcing of all the year round navigation in the Tatar Straight, which is connected with the projects of the exploitations of the resources of the shelf near the Sakhalin Island, demands mastering in metocean, including ice, forecasts. In this work is discussing about real possibility of calculating and making short-term (10 days) forecasts of the ice sheet behaviour in the Northern part of Japanese sea. On the basis of viscous numerical model, completed with half-empirical correlations, the drift of ice in different periods of time is discussing. The main thing in the driving force for ice at first approach is the wind stress. The influence of water flows on the ice floes is taking into consideration through the stress on the surface ice-water, by using climate scheme of water circulation. Besides, different scenarios of drifting of ice considering various types of wind conditions are examined here. In virtue of the calculations for the various wind situations we got recommended courses of the traffic of the navigation in winter period in the De-Kastri port.

70 WATER MASSES AND TYPES OF VERTICAL STRUCTURE IN THE JAPAN SEA ON THE LONG-TERM DATA.
Yurasov G.I.
Pacific Oceanological Institute, RUSSIA

Bottled and CTD-data for period of 1925-1997 (total quantity is 133752 stations) were used to analyse the vertical temperature and salinity distribution. To process this archive and to obtain an objective evaluation of the depth of seasonal oscillations a special technique was worked out. Monthly averaged characteristics in the centers of 1/2-degree squares were obtained and water masses defining three types of thermohaline structure: subtropic (ST), subarctic (SA) and Polar Front area (PF) were allocated. Boundaries of the water masses have been fixed using minimum of horizontal temperature (salinity) gradient for each central month of four seasons. In the upper layer for all seasons three water masses corresponding to ST-, SA- and PF-water structures are represented.
In intermediate layer in the subtropic type of structure for summer season the water mass of higher salinity is expressed. Over the whole basin below the depth of 200 m the deep Japan sea water is located. This water is formed in process of long transformation of the subtropic water flowing into the sea from the East China Sea through the Korean Strait.
For each season the depths of water mass extension and their typical indexes are defined. It is revealed that in winter period indexes of the surface subarctic mass and indexes of deep Japan sea water are the same.
The surface water mass of the Polar Front area along the northern boundary of the subtropic structure has maximal thickness (200 m), and its size lessens northward to zero along the southern boundary of the subarctic structure.
Bottom boundary of the surface subtropical water is located at the depths of 200-300 m. This water mass is typical for the Tzushima Current waters extending along the coastal regions of Japan and Korea.
An extensive area of the central part of the sea is occupied by waters of the Polar Front. Two or three water masses having attributes of subarctic as well as subtropic types continuously mix here. Vortical formations also are intensely developed here.

71 MONITORING OF UPDATE STATE OF PETER THE GREAT BAY WATERS ON A BASE OF OBSERVATIONS DURING NOVEMBER 1999 - APRIL 2000.
Yurasov G.I.¹, Vanin N.S.¹, Zuenko Yu.I.², Ermolenko S.S., Nedashkovskiy A.P.^1

1- Pacific Oceanological Institute, RUSSIA
²- Pacific Fisheries Research Center, RUSSIA

Beginning from November, 23 1999 POI FEBRAS conducts monitoring of Peter the Great Bay region aboard research vessel "Lugovoe". The scheme of works includes oceanographic survey consisting of about one hundred CTD-stations from Tumen River mouth to Povorotnyi Cape between the coasline and isobate of 200 m. This survey was run twice in November 1999 and February 2000 and will be repeated in May, August and again in November 2000. Besides of it observations along two meridional sections (132˚00'E and 131˚41'E) are carried out each month. The next measurements are provided: CTD - observations, dissolved oxygen and nutrients sampling, bottom sediments sampling, pigment and phyto and zooplankton measurements.
Besides of pure monitoring tasks there is also opportunity for studies of Japan Sea intermediate and deep layers ventilation by surface waters of Peter the Great Bay during fall-winter cooling.
Some preliminary results are presented here in order to show water dynamics, features of fall-winter convection in the region, and water contamination degree.
Prospects of further studies at the shelf area of Japan Sea are also discussed.

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